Husband Bernard-Pierre MARCOTTE
Born: 9 Jun 1680 - portneuf, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: Nicolas MARCOTTE (Bef 1642-After 1713)
Mother: Martine TAVREY (Abt 1645- )
Wife
Born:
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Children
Husband
Born:
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Wife Marguerite MARCOTTE
Born: 2 Aug 1683 - Les-Ecureuils, Portneuf, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: Nicolas MARCOTTE (Bef 1642-After 1713)
Mother: Martine TAVREY (Abt 1645- )
Children
Husband
Born:
Christened:
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Wife Marie MARCOTTE
Born: 28 Jan 1674-28 Jan 1675 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: Nicolas MARCOTTE (Bef 1642-After 1713)
Mother: Martine TAVREY (Abt 1645- )
Children
Husband Nicolas MARCOTTE
Born: Bef 23 Nov 1642 - Rouen, Normandie, FRance
Christened:
Died: After 1713 - Qubec
Buried:
Marriage: 14 Sep 1670 - Quebec, Quebec
Wife Martine TAVREY
Born: Abt 1645 - Orleans, Orleanais, France
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
1 F Marie MARCOTTE
Born: 11 Jun 1671 - Neuville, Portneuf, Quebec
Christened:
Died: 25 Nov 1746 - Les-Ecureuils, Portneuf, Quebec
Buried:
Spouse: Pierre LEFEBVRE (Abt 1660-1711)
Marr: 24 Jul 1688 - Neuville, Portneuf, Quebec
Spouse: Michel L'HOMME (1661- )
Marr: 21 Apr 1687 - Neuville, Portneuf, Quebec
2 F Marie MARCOTTE
Born: 28 Jan 1674-28 Jan 1675 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
3 M Bernard-Pierre MARCOTTE
Born: 9 Jun 1680 - portneuf, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
4 F Marguerite MARCOTTE
Born: 2 Aug 1683 - Les-Ecureuils, Portneuf, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Husband MARGUERIE
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Marriage:
Wife
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
1 F Marie MARGUERIE
Born: 12 Sep 1620 - St Vincent Cathedral, Rouen, Normandy, France
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Spouse: Jacques HERTEL ( -1651)
Marr: 23 Aug 1641 - Trois Rivieres, Maurice, Quebec
Spouse: Quentin MORAL ( -1686)
Marr: 1652 - Trois-Rivieres, Quebec
2 M Francois MARGUERIE
Born:
Christened:
Died: 23 May 1648 - Trois-Rivieres, Quebec
Buried:
General Notes (Husband)
Her father was a man of substance, a bourgeoisie, an oar maker and maritime merchant in Rouen. Given the fates of his children, it is likely her father was a member of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo, formed by Samuel Champlain in 1614 to colonize Quebec and corner the American fur trade.
General Notes for Child Marie MARGUERIE
Haplogroup W.
Based on present evidence, 140,000 people in the United States, and an even larger number in Canada, are direct matrilineal descendants of Marie Marguerie, the founder of the 'Marie W' haplotype lineage in the Americas. Recently, some of her descendants found each other through mitochondrial DNA testing, and have been able to identify Marie as their common matrilineal ancestor.
From http://www.thecid.com/w/frenchw/i91.htm
Based on present evidence, 140,000 people in the United States, and an even larger number in Canada, are direct matrilineal descendants of Marie Marguerie, the founder of the 'Marie W' haplotype lineage in the Americas. Recently, some of her descendants found each other through mitochondrial DNA testing, and have been able to identify Marie as their common matrilineal ancestor.
Rouen at the time of Marie's childhood
Marie Marguerie was baptized at St Vincent Cathedral in Rouen, France on 12 September 1620. Her godparents were Nicolas Duchemin and Marie Marguerie. Rouen was a major city of 35,000 people, a key port on the Seine River since Roman times. St Vincent's had been completed only a few years before, and featured the finest stained glass windows in the city (the cathedral was destroyed by bombing in World War II but the windows were stored in 1939 and can now be seen in the modernistic Church of Joan of Arc in Rouen).
Marie has been identified as one of 262 Filles a Marier or "marriageable girls" that emigrated to New France between 1634 and 1663. They were recruited by religious groups or reputable persons who had to guarantee their good conduct. Most were from rural peasant families. Unlike the later Filles du Roi who emigrated after 1663, the Filles a Marier were not recruited by the state; did not receive a dowry from the King; and were promised nothing but the possibility of a better life.
However Marie's story was not that of a typical Filles a Marier, and aside from the date of her migration to Canada, she probably does not fit into this category. Her father was a man of substance, a bourgeoisie, an oar maker and maritime merchant in Rouen. Given the fates of his children, it is likely her father was a member of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo, formed by Samuel Champlain in 1614 to colonize Quebec and corner the American fur trade. Her brother Francois had already gone to Canada and his exploits were legendary. He was regarded by the First Nations as the European who had most thoroughly learned their language and customs - they called him the 'double man' - he could pass as European or Indigenous.
Perhaps, like the other Filles a Marier, her marriage to Hertel was not prearranged. She had her choice of husbands. But in 1640 Trois-Rivieres was still a raw place, with only a handful of inhabitants, less than half of them European, including rude French trappers, many living with indigenous wives with mixed children, and a handful of government officials and military officers.
on 23 August 1641 Marie Marguerie signed a contract to marry Jacques Hertel
Things seemed to be going well for Marie and her family. Then Francois Marguerie drowned when his canoe overturned in the Saint Lawrence River off Trois-Rivieres on 23 May 1648. Marie and Jacques had another daughter, Marguerite, on 26 August 1649. Marie endured another tragedy when Jacques died in an accident of an unknown nature on 10 August 1651.
Marie was left alone with a son of nine years and two infant daughters, in a primitive wilderness, in a remote settlement with just a handful of huts. It was perhaps no accident that an awful war would break out with the Iroquois in the spring after Jacques' death, leading to the near-destruction of the settlement.
Marie was left alone with a son of nine years and two infant daughters, in a primitive wilderness, in a remote settlement with just a handful of huts. It was perhaps no accident that an awful war would break out with the Iroquois in the spring after Jacques' death, leading to the near-destruction of the settlement.
Huron Warrior
The Iroquois had been struggling with the Huron for the territory the French had chosen to inhabit even before the arrival of the colonists. Father Buteux and his fellow Jesuits had compounded tensions by attempting to enforce their form of strict Catholicism on the Indians. The trappers and missionaries had spread European diseases among even the most remote tribes, leading to the death of over half of their people and the collapse of their social systems. Tensions had built to the breaking point. Francois Marguerie had averted the attack on Trois-Rivieres nine years earlier, but now he, and Jacques, and Nicolet, were all gone.
The Iroquois attacked the town on 6 March 1652 but were repulsed by the French's Huron allies. On 10 March the Iroquois killed Buteux north of the town, and two Huron on 8 June. On 19 August they attacked again, this time killing the governor Guillaume Guillemot and 22 other settlers. The hostilities lead to the collapse of the beaver pelt trade. The defense of Trois-Rivieres now was in the hands of a few friendly Indians employed to fend off any final Iroquois raid.
Sometime in this tumultuous year Marie married Quentin Moral, a King's lieutenant. Quentin could only have suffered in comparison to Marie's first husband. But he was young, he was ambitious, he was available - he must have been the best choice in the traumatized settlement. Quentin would go on to become a quarrelsome lawyer, and finally a civil and criminal judge.
Quentin Moral
After what must have been a very hard winter, 16 French indentured servants, sailors, and others deserted Trois-Rivieres, heading for anywhere outside of New France on 21 April 1653. At other places in New France masters were being murdered by their servants. The Iroquois attacked Trois-Rivieres again on 21 August, but were repulsed after an eight-day siege. An exchange of prisoners was agreed.
In October the Huron reported that the remnants of the April deserters had shown up in Gaspe after a six-month trek. Several had died, and they had resorted to cannibalism. In November a vessel laden with the year's take of beaver pelts left for France, only to be taken by English privateers in the Saint Lawrence River. But that same month, with the colony facing extinction, a boat arrived at Montreal with 95 new settlers - the "Grand Recrue de 1653". The statistics of this group show the dangers of life in the colony. Of the 153 men who signed contracts to go to Canada, 50 did not show up for boarding; eight died on the transatlantic voyage; 24 were killed by Iroquois; and five in accidents. Nine left no offspring. But the 49 that left offspring were the basis for the survival of New France. The population would increase substantially each year from then on.
The Iroquois War was over and more stable times were ahead. Quentin turned to the matter at hand. Marie had inherited from her first husband 200 acres of land at Trois-Rivieres. Quentin's objective seemed primarily to be to obtain title to this land and become a seigneur. In French law a seigneur was a kind of lord who was a vassal of the King. The soil of the seigneur belonged to him, but the King held final title, mineral rights, and ownership of all oak trees on the property. In contrast the peasant settlers could only rent the land and were tenant farmers of the seigneurs.
New Construction at Trois-Rivieres
However there seems to be an issue with the rights to Jacque Hertel's land and the security it was supposed to provide from the very beginning. On 21 January 1654, less than two years after the marriage, Marie's son Jacques, at age 12, is reported to be "clearing trees of an island, inherited from his father, which he wanted to seed in order to support his mother and his young sisters". This small place, just off Trois-Rivieres in the Saint Lawrence River, was then known as Lile aux Cochons (Isle of the Pigs)
Childhood was brief in the 17th Century. On 26 August 1657, at age 15, Francois enlisted in the local militia for the defense of Trois-Rivieres. Marie was meanwhile ensuring that her daughters married well, as befitted what she saw as their station in life. Marie Madeleine Hertel was betrothed to master surgeon Louis Pinard in 1658 when she was 15.
Marie would bear Quentin Moral four daughters but no sons. The fame of his stepson may have been unbearable at this time and place to this man who now adopted the style 'Sieur de St-Quentin' and lorded over the island his step-son had cleared, which was known forever after as L'île Saint-Quentin. Presumably her son's status protected her from the hostility Quentin may have felt toward her.
Marie saw to it that her children received good educations. Her daughters by Quentin were educated at the Ursuline convent established just across the street from the Hertel house. Francois' three letters of his Iroquois captivity mention his fluency in French, English, and Latin.
In 1668 Marie saw the first her daughters by Quentin Moral married. Marie Jeanne Moral was betrothed to Jacques Maugras at the age of 15. Maugras would eventually settle in St-Francois-du-Lac at the settlement founded by his brother-in-law Jean Crevier. In 1677, at age 26, their second daughter, Marie-Therese Moral, married to Veron de Grandmesnil, a fur trader of some means.
Marie continued on in Trois-Rivieres. She had seen so much in her long life. She had survived numerous attacks of the town by the Iroquois. She had seen her brother, her son, and her grandson all taken captive by the Indians, only to have them return alive months or years later. She had left a bustling French city for a rude settlement of wooden huts between the forest and the river, where every year, even the good ones, found another member of the community kidnapped or killed by marauding Iroquois.
Perhaps she found sustenance and solace in the rigid religion of the colony - it is recorded that she was for fifty years the sacristan of the parish. Did she also need solace from an unhappy second marriage to Quentin Moral? Whatever may be the case, she outlived Quentin by 14 years. Upon her death at age 80, Marie Marguerie was buried beside Jacques Hertel, her first husband. Could there be any greater evidence of her estrangement from Quentin? The cure of the parish of Trois-Rivieres, Luc Filiastre, officiated.
Marie's Legacy
Marie and her first husband Jacques Hertel are considered one of the founders of Quebec. Jacques Hertel founded the town of Trois-Rivieres, and her son-in-law Jean Crevier founded St-Francois-du-Lac. There is a Jacques Hertel house in Trois-Rivieres, but it is of stone, built on the site of the original in 1820 by one of Hertel's descendants. L'île Saint-Quentin remained cropland until 1930, when it was converted to recreational use. Today it is a popular park.
Marie has left her mitochondrial genetic heritage to around 140,000 people in the United States, and many times that number in Canada.
Mary and her family in Rouen
Marie's mitochondrial DNA was of the W haplogroup. The first woman of the W haplogroup - who I have dubbed Wilma - was born about 38,000 years ago in what is now northwest India or northern Pakistan. By 32,000 years ago Wilma's descendants were distributed in a band across southwest Asia, from Anatolia to northern India With the onset of the last glacial maximum, the area became extremely arid and the mountains blocked by glaciers. There are indications that the peoples including Wilma's descendants were broken into two groups, separated by the arid desert that stretched from the Indian Ocean up to the glacier-bound Asian mountains. These tribes managed to survive the Ice Age in these two areas of 'glacial refuge'.
After the glaciers receded and the deserts retreated 14,000 years ago, the way was clear for the expansion of modern humans from their ice age refuge. Wilma's descendants entered Europe through the Balkans, spreading in several directions. During this journey one W haplotype woman had a distinctive mutation at letter 119 in the HVR2 of her mitochondrial DNA. This woman's descendants finally settled in what is now France, and one of them was Marie Marguerie's female ancestor.
The differences from the Cambridge Reference Sequence in Marie Marguerie's mtDNA code in the Highly Variable Regions 1 and 2 were:
HVR1: 16209C 16223T 16255A 16292T 16519C HVR2: 73G 119C 189G 195C 204C 207A 263G 309.1C 315.1C
One descendent has an additional HVR2 309.2C destination, which must have occurred in the ten generations since her lineage split from that of the other members of the group that long ago.
General Notes for Child Francois MARGUERIE
Her brother Francois had already gone to Canada and his exploits were legendary. He was regarded by the First Nations as the European who had most thoroughly learned their language and customs - they called him the 'double man' - he could pass as European or Indigenous.
There is no record of Francois Marguerie in Quebec before 1636, but some believe he was present as early as 1626, and was one of the seven that took refuge among the Algonquin after the destruction of Champlain's first colony by the English privateers Kirke. In any case Francois emerges firmly into history on 28 March 1636 when he was encountered by Jesuit missionaries among the Hurons as part of a party of four Algonquins led by the legendary chief Tessouat. He was able to ease the tensions that had built up between the straight-backed Jesuits and the Hurons, and guided them in establishing further missions among the Indians.
In 1637 Francois settled at Jacques Hertel's trading post at Trois-Rivieres. He must have interested Hertel in marrying his sister Marie, for he arranged for her to sail - at the age of 18 - from Rouen to New France in the summer of 1639. The passage, made in the late spring, was difficult - one tenth of all passengers en route to New France died on the Atlantic.
Perhaps, like the other Filles a Marier, her marriage to Hertel was not prearranged. She had her choice of husbands. But in 1640 Trois-Rivieres was still a raw place, with only a handful of inhabitants, less than half of them European, including rude French trappers, many living with indigenous wives with mixed children, and a handful of government officials and military officers.
The place had been a winter camp for French fur traders since before 1615, when the first Christian mission was established there. After the French recovery of New France from the British, Champlain's strategic plan was to centralize the fur trade at Quebec, but establish a second fortified place 40 miles upriver at Trois-Rivieres to prevent traders from selling their furs to the British rather than Richelieu's company. Jacques Hertel in 1634, followed a year later by the Godefroy brothers, became the first permanent settlers and farmers at Trois-Rivieres. There was competition and animosity between the traders at Quebec and Trois-Rivieres - the traders of the latter wearing white scarves to differentiate themselves from the red-scarfed traders of Quebec. Over the next two years Jesuit missionaries, soldiers, and an official governor arrived to bring order.
At the top of the social hierarchy were the "lords", those who had received lands from Cardinal Richelieu's Company of the Hundred Associates. The oldest was Jacques Hertel, followed by the Godefroy brothers (Jean-Paul, Jean and Thomas), who established themselves not far from him. Then there were the ambitious Le Neuf brothers, Jacques and Michel, voracious and well provided Normands who had arrived ready to purchase a domain in the New World. They had landed in 1636 and had not yet received their government appointments and lands, but were working very hard on it. Francois de Chamflour was commandant of the most primitive of forts, representing the king. There was a Jesuit church, run by Father Jacques Buteux since 1634, and including a Father Ragueneau, supporting the missionaries in the interior.
Then came the interpreters and their families who were vital to the fur trade: Francois Marguerie and Jean Nicolet; and Christophe Crevier, the baker from Rouen who arrived from Rouen in 1639, perhaps on the same ship as Marie.
It would seem that shortly after her arrival, Marie's situation became complicated. In February 1641 her brother Francois Marguerie and Thomas Godefroy were captured by Iroquois while hunting near Trois-Rivieres. The Iroquois planned a great assault the following summer against the Algonquins and Hurons, enemies of the Iroquois and allies of the French. Francois and Thomas were to serve as pawns in negotiations with the French. The objective was to obtain additional guns from the French and make a separate peace with them so the Iroquois would be free to attack their enemies.
In May over five hundred warriors headed toward Trois-Rivieres. They split into sections in order to surround the Algonquins and Hurons that were concentrated around the trading post. On 5 June the section holding the two captives arrived across the Saint Lawrence River from Trois-Rivieres. Francois was sent across the river to parlay with the commandant of the fort. The inhabitants of the town were flabbergasted to see him; they had given him up for dead. Francois had to return to captivity until the Governor of New France could come down river from Quebec to negotiate the peace treaty desired by the Iroquois. After his arrival, preliminary negotiations resulted in Francois and Thomas being freed as a goodwill gesture.
After the governor arrived and talks began, it became clear that the French were unwilling to either remain neutral in a war between the Iroquois and the Huron or provide the Iroquois with guns. In response the Iroquois attacked the governor's boat with a well-aimed fusillade from their guns. An answering broadside from the heavy cannon on the governor's boat put the Iroquois to flight, and the immediate threat to Trois-Rivieres receded.
Francois Marguerie drowned when his canoe overturned in the Saint Lawrence River off Trois-Rivieres on 23 May 1648.
Husband Francois MARGUERIE
Born:
Christened:
Died: 23 May 1648 - Trois-Rivieres, Quebec
Buried:
Father: MARGUERIE ( - )
Mother:
Wife
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children
General Notes (Husband)
Her brother Francois had already gone to Canada and his exploits were legendary. He was regarded by the First Nations as the European who had most thoroughly learned their language and customs - they called him the 'double man' - he could pass as European or Indigenous.
There is no record of Francois Marguerie in Quebec before 1636, but some believe he was present as early as 1626, and was one of the seven that took refuge among the Algonquin after the destruction of Champlain's first colony by the English privateers Kirke. In any case Francois emerges firmly into history on 28 March 1636 when he was encountered by Jesuit missionaries among the Hurons as part of a party of four Algonquins led by the legendary chief Tessouat. He was able to ease the tensions that had built up between the straight-backed Jesuits and the Hurons, and guided them in establishing further missions among the Indians.
In 1637 Francois settled at Jacques Hertel's trading post at Trois-Rivieres. He must have interested Hertel in marrying his sister Marie, for he arranged for her to sail - at the age of 18 - from Rouen to New France in the summer of 1639. The passage, made in the late spring, was difficult - one tenth of all passengers en route to New France died on the Atlantic.
Perhaps, like the other Filles a Marier, her marriage to Hertel was not prearranged. She had her choice of husbands. But in 1640 Trois-Rivieres was still a raw place, with only a handful of inhabitants, less than half of them European, including rude French trappers, many living with indigenous wives with mixed children, and a handful of government officials and military officers.
The place had been a winter camp for French fur traders since before 1615, when the first Christian mission was established there. After the French recovery of New France from the British, Champlain's strategic plan was to centralize the fur trade at Quebec, but establish a second fortified place 40 miles upriver at Trois-Rivieres to prevent traders from selling their furs to the British rather than Richelieu's company. Jacques Hertel in 1634, followed a year later by the Godefroy brothers, became the first permanent settlers and farmers at Trois-Rivieres. There was competition and animosity between the traders at Quebec and Trois-Rivieres - the traders of the latter wearing white scarves to differentiate themselves from the red-scarfed traders of Quebec. Over the next two years Jesuit missionaries, soldiers, and an official governor arrived to bring order.
At the top of the social hierarchy were the "lords", those who had received lands from Cardinal Richelieu's Company of the Hundred Associates. The oldest was Jacques Hertel, followed by the Godefroy brothers (Jean-Paul, Jean and Thomas), who established themselves not far from him. Then there were the ambitious Le Neuf brothers, Jacques and Michel, voracious and well provided Normands who had arrived ready to purchase a domain in the New World. They had landed in 1636 and had not yet received their government appointments and lands, but were working very hard on it. Francois de Chamflour was commandant of the most primitive of forts, representing the king. There was a Jesuit church, run by Father Jacques Buteux since 1634, and including a Father Ragueneau, supporting the missionaries in the interior.
Then came the interpreters and their families who were vital to the fur trade: Francois Marguerie and Jean Nicolet; and Christophe Crevier, the baker from Rouen who arrived from Rouen in 1639, perhaps on the same ship as Marie.
It would seem that shortly after her arrival, Marie's situation became complicated. In February 1641 her brother Francois Marguerie and Thomas Godefroy were captured by Iroquois while hunting near Trois-Rivieres. The Iroquois planned a great assault the following summer against the Algonquins and Hurons, enemies of the Iroquois and allies of the French. Francois and Thomas were to serve as pawns in negotiations with the French. The objective was to obtain additional guns from the French and make a separate peace with them so the Iroquois would be free to attack their enemies.
In May over five hundred warriors headed toward Trois-Rivieres. They split into sections in order to surround the Algonquins and Hurons that were concentrated around the trading post. On 5 June the section holding the two captives arrived across the Saint Lawrence River from Trois-Rivieres. Francois was sent across the river to parlay with the commandant of the fort. The inhabitants of the town were flabbergasted to see him; they had given him up for dead. Francois had to return to captivity until the Governor of New France could come down river from Quebec to negotiate the peace treaty desired by the Iroquois. After his arrival, preliminary negotiations resulted in Francois and Thomas being freed as a goodwill gesture.
After the governor arrived and talks began, it became clear that the French were unwilling to either remain neutral in a war between the Iroquois and the Huron or provide the Iroquois with guns. In response the Iroquois attacked the governor's boat with a well-aimed fusillade from their guns. An answering broadside from the heavy cannon on the governor's boat put the Iroquois to flight, and the immediate threat to Trois-Rivieres receded.
Francois Marguerie drowned when his canoe overturned in the Saint Lawrence River off Trois-Rivieres on 23 May 1648.
Husband Quentin MORAL
Born:
Christened:
Died: 1686
Buried:
Marriage: 1652 - Trois-Rivieres, Quebec
Wife Marie MARGUERIE
Born: 12 Sep 1620 - St Vincent Cathedral, Rouen, Normandy, France
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: MARGUERIE ( - )
Mother:
Other Spouse: Jacques HERTEL ( -1651) - 23 Aug 1641 - Trois Rivieres, Maurice, Quebec
Children
1 F Marie Therese MORAL
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Spouse: Veron DE GRANMESNIL ( - )
2 F Marie Jeannef MORAL
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Spouse: Jaques MAUGRAS ( - )
3 F Gertrude MORAL
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Spouse: Jacques JOYALL ( - )
4 F Marie Marthe MORAL
Born: Abt 1861
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Spouse: Antoine DUBOIS ( - )
General Notes (Husband)
Sometime in this tumultuous year Marie married Quentin Moral, a King's lieutenant. Quentin could only have suffered in comparison to Marie's first husband. But he was young, he was ambitious, he was available - he must have been the best choice in the traumatized settlement. Quentin would go on to become a quarrelsome lawyer, and finally a civil and criminal judge.
The Iroquois War was over and more stable times were ahead. Quentin turned to the matter at hand. Marie had inherited from her first husband 200 acres of land at Trois-Rivieres. Quentin's objective seemed primarily to be to obtain title to this land and become a seigneur. In French law a seigneur was a kind of lord who was a vassal of the King. The soil of the seigneur belonged to him, but the King held final title, mineral rights, and ownership of all oak trees on the property. In contrast the peasant settlers could only rent the land and were tenant farmers of the seigneurs.
New Construction at Trois-Rivieres
However there seems to be an issue with the rights to Jacque Hertel's land and the security it was supposed to provide from the very beginning. On 21 January 1654, less than two years after the marriage, Marie's son Jacques, at age 12, is reported to be "clearing trees of an island, inherited from his father, which he wanted to seed in order to support his mother and his young sisters". This small place, just off Trois-Rivieres in the Saint Lawrence River, was then known as Lile aux Cochons (Isle of the Pigs)
Quentin made the transition from an officer of the king to that of a civil and criminal lawyer - perhaps not difficult, since lawyers were not allowed to emigrate to New France. And the inhabitants of Trois-Rivieres, when not fighting off Indian attacks, were a quarrelsome bunch. Between 1655 and 1662 at the "Prévôté de Trois-Rivieres" there were 907 cases tried for a population of about 700 for the whole area! The "Prévoté" was not only used to dispense criminal justice and adjudicate disputes, it also served as a collection agency under the settlement's barter economy.
Two thirds of the cases were for debt settlement and one sixth were to settle inheritance. Only 20 were for verbal or physical violence. Quentin Moral was involved in 29 cases, reflecting not only his role as an attorney but also his disputatious nature and perhaps his duties as an officer of the King. In one case, Moral was being sued for having shot and killed other citizens' wandering pigs, probably part of his duties. A few cases later, Moral sued Jacques Aubuchon, master carpenter and the most disputatious man in the colony (44 cases), because the Aubuchon intentionally shot Moral's pig, (perhaps as payback?). One wonders if all of these pig lawsuits were in any way related to the family's ownership of the L'île aux Cochons
Quentin Moral was keeping the family income up by selling Marie's inheritance to newcomers. The price of land was skyrocketing, and Quentin could make money selling land away from Trois-Rivieres, such as a plot of Hertel's at Cap-de-la-Madeleine that he sold around 1664. He saw that his daughters and step-daughters would marry well and that their husbands were provided with adequate dowries in terms of
In 1666 the first census was made of New France. The Moral household at that point in time consisted of: "Quentin Moral sieur de Saint-Quentin, 44, habitant ; Marie Marguerie, 40, sa femme; Jeanne, 13 ; Marie, 10 ; Gertrude, 8 ; Marthe, 5 ; Robert Henry, 20, et Nicolas Dupuis, 24, domestiques". Marie's daughters by Jacques Hertel had already married and left the house. Trois-Rivieres and adjacent districts had grown in 20 years from a handful of settlers to a village of 69 families and 455 souls. However the town itself still consisted of only about two dozen households and less than a hundred Europeans.
A year later, the census showed that one servant had left but that otherwise the household was much the same: "Quentin Moral, 49 ; Marie Margris, 40 ; Marie-Jeanne, 14 ; Marie, 12 ; Gertrude, 10 ; Marthe, 6 ; Robert Henry, domestique, 23 ; 6 bestiaux, 64 arpents en valeur. (6 cattle, 64 arpents in value.) "
General Notes (Wife)
Haplogroup W.
Based on present evidence, 140,000 people in the United States, and an even larger number in Canada, are direct matrilineal descendants of Marie Marguerie, the founder of the 'Marie W' haplotype lineage in the Americas. Recently, some of her descendants found each other through mitochondrial DNA testing, and have been able to identify Marie as their common matrilineal ancestor.
From http://www.thecid.com/w/frenchw/i91.htm
Based on present evidence, 140,000 people in the United States, and an even larger number in Canada, are direct matrilineal descendants of Marie Marguerie, the founder of the 'Marie W' haplotype lineage in the Americas. Recently, some of her descendants found each other through mitochondrial DNA testing, and have been able to identify Marie as their common matrilineal ancestor.
Rouen at the time of Marie's childhood
Marie Marguerie was baptized at St Vincent Cathedral in Rouen, France on 12 September 1620. Her godparents were Nicolas Duchemin and Marie Marguerie. Rouen was a major city of 35,000 people, a key port on the Seine River since Roman times. St Vincent's had been completed only a few years before, and featured the finest stained glass windows in the city (the cathedral was destroyed by bombing in World War II but the windows were stored in 1939 and can now be seen in the modernistic Church of Joan of Arc in Rouen).
Marie has been identified as one of 262 Filles a Marier or "marriageable girls" that emigrated to New France between 1634 and 1663. They were recruited by religious groups or reputable persons who had to guarantee their good conduct. Most were from rural peasant families. Unlike the later Filles du Roi who emigrated after 1663, the Filles a Marier were not recruited by the state; did not receive a dowry from the King; and were promised nothing but the possibility of a better life.
However Marie's story was not that of a typical Filles a Marier, and aside from the date of her migration to Canada, she probably does not fit into this category. Her father was a man of substance, a bourgeoisie, an oar maker and maritime merchant in Rouen. Given the fates of his children, it is likely her father was a member of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo, formed by Samuel Champlain in 1614 to colonize Quebec and corner the American fur trade. Her brother Francois had already gone to Canada and his exploits were legendary. He was regarded by the First Nations as the European who had most thoroughly learned their language and customs - they called him the 'double man' - he could pass as European or Indigenous.
Perhaps, like the other Filles a Marier, her marriage to Hertel was not prearranged. She had her choice of husbands. But in 1640 Trois-Rivieres was still a raw place, with only a handful of inhabitants, less than half of them European, including rude French trappers, many living with indigenous wives with mixed children, and a handful of government officials and military officers.
on 23 August 1641 Marie Marguerie signed a contract to marry Jacques Hertel
Things seemed to be going well for Marie and her family. Then Francois Marguerie drowned when his canoe overturned in the Saint Lawrence River off Trois-Rivieres on 23 May 1648. Marie and Jacques had another daughter, Marguerite, on 26 August 1649. Marie endured another tragedy when Jacques died in an accident of an unknown nature on 10 August 1651.
Marie was left alone with a son of nine years and two infant daughters, in a primitive wilderness, in a remote settlement with just a handful of huts. It was perhaps no accident that an awful war would break out with the Iroquois in the spring after Jacques' death, leading to the near-destruction of the settlement.
Marie was left alone with a son of nine years and two infant daughters, in a primitive wilderness, in a remote settlement with just a handful of huts. It was perhaps no accident that an awful war would break out with the Iroquois in the spring after Jacques' death, leading to the near-destruction of the settlement.
Huron Warrior
The Iroquois had been struggling with the Huron for the territory the French had chosen to inhabit even before the arrival of the colonists. Father Buteux and his fellow Jesuits had compounded tensions by attempting to enforce their form of strict Catholicism on the Indians. The trappers and missionaries had spread European diseases among even the most remote tribes, leading to the death of over half of their people and the collapse of their social systems. Tensions had built to the breaking point. Francois Marguerie had averted the attack on Trois-Rivieres nine years earlier, but now he, and Jacques, and Nicolet, were all gone.
The Iroquois attacked the town on 6 March 1652 but were repulsed by the French's Huron allies. On 10 March the Iroquois killed Buteux north of the town, and two Huron on 8 June. On 19 August they attacked again, this time killing the governor Guillaume Guillemot and 22 other settlers. The hostilities lead to the collapse of the beaver pelt trade. The defense of Trois-Rivieres now was in the hands of a few friendly Indians employed to fend off any final Iroquois raid.
Sometime in this tumultuous year Marie married Quentin Moral, a King's lieutenant. Quentin could only have suffered in comparison to Marie's first husband. But he was young, he was ambitious, he was available - he must have been the best choice in the traumatized settlement. Quentin would go on to become a quarrelsome lawyer, and finally a civil and criminal judge.
Quentin Moral
After what must have been a very hard winter, 16 French indentured servants, sailors, and others deserted Trois-Rivieres, heading for anywhere outside of New France on 21 April 1653. At other places in New France masters were being murdered by their servants. The Iroquois attacked Trois-Rivieres again on 21 August, but were repulsed after an eight-day siege. An exchange of prisoners was agreed.
In October the Huron reported that the remnants of the April deserters had shown up in Gaspe after a six-month trek. Several had died, and they had resorted to cannibalism. In November a vessel laden with the year's take of beaver pelts left for France, only to be taken by English privateers in the Saint Lawrence River. But that same month, with the colony facing extinction, a boat arrived at Montreal with 95 new settlers - the "Grand Recrue de 1653". The statistics of this group show the dangers of life in the colony. Of the 153 men who signed contracts to go to Canada, 50 did not show up for boarding; eight died on the transatlantic voyage; 24 were killed by Iroquois; and five in accidents. Nine left no offspring. But the 49 that left offspring were the basis for the survival of New France. The population would increase substantially each year from then on.
The Iroquois War was over and more stable times were ahead. Quentin turned to the matter at hand. Marie had inherited from her first husband 200 acres of land at Trois-Rivieres. Quentin's objective seemed primarily to be to obtain title to this land and become a seigneur. In French law a seigneur was a kind of lord who was a vassal of the King. The soil of the seigneur belonged to him, but the King held final title, mineral rights, and ownership of all oak trees on the property. In contrast the peasant settlers could only rent the land and were tenant farmers of the seigneurs.
New Construction at Trois-Rivieres
However there seems to be an issue with the rights to Jacque Hertel's land and the security it was supposed to provide from the very beginning. On 21 January 1654, less than two years after the marriage, Marie's son Jacques, at age 12, is reported to be "clearing trees of an island, inherited from his father, which he wanted to seed in order to support his mother and his young sisters". This small place, just off Trois-Rivieres in the Saint Lawrence River, was then known as Lile aux Cochons (Isle of the Pigs)
Childhood was brief in the 17th Century. On 26 August 1657, at age 15, Francois enlisted in the local militia for the defense of Trois-Rivieres. Marie was meanwhile ensuring that her daughters married well, as befitted what she saw as their station in life. Marie Madeleine Hertel was betrothed to master surgeon Louis Pinard in 1658 when she was 15.
Marie would bear Quentin Moral four daughters but no sons. The fame of his stepson may have been unbearable at this time and place to this man who now adopted the style 'Sieur de St-Quentin' and lorded over the island his step-son had cleared, which was known forever after as L'île Saint-Quentin. Presumably her son's status protected her from the hostility Quentin may have felt toward her.
Marie saw to it that her children received good educations. Her daughters by Quentin were educated at the Ursuline convent established just across the street from the Hertel house. Francois' three letters of his Iroquois captivity mention his fluency in French, English, and Latin.
In 1668 Marie saw the first her daughters by Quentin Moral married. Marie Jeanne Moral was betrothed to Jacques Maugras at the age of 15. Maugras would eventually settle in St-Francois-du-Lac at the settlement founded by his brother-in-law Jean Crevier. In 1677, at age 26, their second daughter, Marie-Therese Moral, married to Veron de Grandmesnil, a fur trader of some means.
Marie continued on in Trois-Rivieres. She had seen so much in her long life. She had survived numerous attacks of the town by the Iroquois. She had seen her brother, her son, and her grandson all taken captive by the Indians, only to have them return alive months or years later. She had left a bustling French city for a rude settlement of wooden huts between the forest and the river, where every year, even the good ones, found another member of the community kidnapped or killed by marauding Iroquois.
Perhaps she found sustenance and solace in the rigid religion of the colony - it is recorded that she was for fifty years the sacristan of the parish. Did she also need solace from an unhappy second marriage to Quentin Moral? Whatever may be the case, she outlived Quentin by 14 years. Upon her death at age 80, Marie Marguerie was buried beside Jacques Hertel, her first husband. Could there be any greater evidence of her estrangement from Quentin? The cure of the parish of Trois-Rivieres, Luc Filiastre, officiated.
Marie's Legacy
Marie and her first husband Jacques Hertel are considered one of the founders of Quebec. Jacques Hertel founded the town of Trois-Rivieres, and her son-in-law Jean Crevier founded St-Francois-du-Lac. There is a Jacques Hertel house in Trois-Rivieres, but it is of stone, built on the site of the original in 1820 by one of Hertel's descendants. L'île Saint-Quentin remained cropland until 1930, when it was converted to recreational use. Today it is a popular park.
Marie has left her mitochondrial genetic heritage to around 140,000 people in the United States, and many times that number in Canada.
Mary and her family in Rouen
Marie's mitochondrial DNA was of the W haplogroup. The first woman of the W haplogroup - who I have dubbed Wilma - was born about 38,000 years ago in what is now northwest India or northern Pakistan. By 32,000 years ago Wilma's descendants were distributed in a band across southwest Asia, from Anatolia to northern India With the onset of the last glacial maximum, the area became extremely arid and the mountains blocked by glaciers. There are indications that the peoples including Wilma's descendants were broken into two groups, separated by the arid desert that stretched from the Indian Ocean up to the glacier-bound Asian mountains. These tribes managed to survive the Ice Age in these two areas of 'glacial refuge'.
After the glaciers receded and the deserts retreated 14,000 years ago, the way was clear for the expansion of modern humans from their ice age refuge. Wilma's descendants entered Europe through the Balkans, spreading in several directions. During this journey one W haplotype woman had a distinctive mutation at letter 119 in the HVR2 of her mitochondrial DNA. This woman's descendants finally settled in what is now France, and one of them was Marie Marguerie's female ancestor.
The differences from the Cambridge Reference Sequence in Marie Marguerie's mtDNA code in the Highly Variable Regions 1 and 2 were:
HVR1: 16209C 16223T 16255A 16292T 16519C HVR2: 73G 119C 189G 195C 204C 207A 263G 309.1C 315.1C
One descendent has an additional HVR2 309.2C destination, which must have occurred in the ten generations since her lineage split from that of the other members of the group that long ago.
General Notes for Child Marie Jeannef MORAL
She married at age 15, and they went to St-Francis-du-Lac.
Husband Jacques RATTE
Born: 1631 - Saint-Pierre, Laleu, Aunis, France
Christened:
Died: 10 Apr 1699 - St Laurent, Isle de Oreleans, Beaumont, Quebec
Buried:
Marriage: 12 Mar 1658 - Quebec, Quebec
Wife Anne Marie MARTIN
Born: 23 Mar 1643 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died: 14 Jun 1717 - St Pierre, Isle de Orleans, Montmorency, Quebec
Buried:
Father: Abraham MARTIN-L'EOSSAIS (1589-1664)
Mother: Marguerite Catherine LANGLOIS (1592-1665)
Children
1 F Genevieve RATTE
Born: 27 Jan 1678 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died: 14 Jan 1717 - Quebec, Quebec
Buried:
Spouse: Ensigne Jean SICARD-CARUFEL (1666-1743)
Marr: 27 Nov 1694 - Saint-Pierre, Ile d'Orleans, Quebec
2 M Bertrand RATTE
Born: 10 Dec 1660 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
3 M Michel Joseph RATTE
Born: 26 Dec 1662 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
4 M Jean Baptiste RATTE
Born: 7 Dec 1667 - Holy Family of Orleans, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
5 F Michelle RATTE
Born: 1666 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
6 F Marie Anne RATTE
Born: 16 Oct 1670 - Ste Familie, Isle de Orleans, Montmorency, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
7 M Jacques Jr. RATTE
Born: 19 Jun 1673
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
8 M Pierre RATTE
Born: 11 Oct 1675 - Ste Familie, Isle de Orleans, Montmorency, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
9 F Louise Angelique RATTE
Born: 17 Jun 1680 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
10 M Ignace RATTE
Born: 29 Aug 1683 - St Pierre, Isle de Orleans, Montmorency, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
11 M Guillaume RATTE
Born: 17 Nov 1686 - St Pierre, Isle de Orleans, Montmorency, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
General Notes (Husband)
Map shows that Laleu is pretty much in La Rochelle.
Husband Edward RENO
Born: 21 Apr 1852 - Ste-victoire, Richelieu, Quebec
Christened:
Died: After 1930 - Southbridge, Worcester, Massachusetts
Buried:
Father: Jean Baptiste RENAUD DIT LOCA (1819-1905)
Mother: Marie-Angele THIBEAU (THIBAULT) (1826- )
Marriage: Abt 1872 - Massachusetts (prob Southbridge)
Wife Emilie Parmelia MARTIN
Born: Aug 1849 - Ste-Hyacinthe, Quebec
Christened:
Died: After 1930
Buried:
Children
General Notes (Husband)
1880 census shows hi and a female nonrelative in the house age 20, working in a cotton mill. Sue Hebert's notes appear to say they were in Thompson, Windham, Connnecticut. A child born 1885 is shown as born in Connecticut. But by 1900 they lived in Southbridge. He worked in a print works, could not read or write. Three of his children were twisters in woolen factories. (all over 15).
His godparents in 1852 were Edoaurd Renau parraine, Genevieve Paul Hus marraine.
General Notes (Wife)
Also called Emily and Pennilie. 1900 census says she could not read or write. I can't find where Sue lists the names of her parents from their marriage record.
Husband Adrien MARTIN-L'EOSSAIS
Born: 22 Nov 1638 - Quebec, Quebec
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Father: Abraham MARTIN-L'EOSSAIS (1589-1664)
Mother: Marguerite Catherine LANGLOIS (1592-1665)
Wife
Born:
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Children