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DOCTORS |
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(During Florence Nightingale's lifetime) |
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POLITICAL FIGURES |
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FRIENDS |
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PROMINENT PEOPLE |
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Dr Sutherland was born in Edinburgh in 1808. He had studied medicine at Edinburgh University and qualified at Edinburgh College of Surgeons in 1827. He took an M.D. in 1831. After travelling on the continents, he returned to begin a medical practice in Liverpool, and took an active interest in public health. In 1848 Dr Sutherland became an Inspector under the first Board of Health. |
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Distinguished British ophthalmic surgeon appointed asst. surgeon to King’s College Hospital 1840. 1846 elected to staff of Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital (Moorfields) took interest in training nurses and with Dr Bentley Todd associated in foundation 1844 of St John’s House for training nurses. First met `FN` in 18533 when superintendent of nursing Harley Street. 1854 sought to obtain her services as acting as superintendent of Nurses at Kings College Hospital. Crimean War intervened had other thought when she returned wrote to Bowman from Scutari when nurse training founded asked him to serve on Council. Created baronet 1884. 1861 wanted link between Nightingale Fund and St John’s House nothing came of this. |
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Sought advice from Miss Nightingale about Johns Hopkins Hospital |
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23 October 1876 I take the liberty of sending to you through Mrs Wardroper who had very kindly consented to forward the package, a set of sketch plans for a hospital to be constructed at Baltimore U.S. under the terms of the Johns Hopkins Trust. With this hospital are to be connected a training school for nurses, a convalescent hospital, an orphan asylum and some other things. I am now on my way to the Continent and shall return towards the end of November spending a day or two in London on my way to the U.S. Knowing as I do the great interest you take in such subjects, I shall consider it as a great favour if before my return you will if your health permits examine these plans and the two pamphlets which accompany them and let me know what you think of them. They are only sketch plans and I desire criticism before going further. I am with great respect very Sincerely yours JOHN S. BILLINGS Miss Nightingale showed plans to Sutherland for his opinion, not favourably impressed 4 December 1876 I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of Dec 2 enclosing 12 sheets of notes on the Johns Hopkins Hospital plans and I desire to express my sincere personal thanks for this favour. Your remarks shall be laid before the Trustees as soon as I return to America, and I feel quite sure that they will be very greatly interested in and influenced by your criticisms. I do not think it probable that I should do otherwise than agree with them (the suggestions). The balour and expense of conducting a hospital built in this general plan I fully appreciate, as also the complications which arise in trying to cut off all service rooms from the ward. I infer from your note that you may not have received a copy of a book containing five different plans for the hospital published by the Trustees about 9 months ago. I am quite sure that a copy was sent to you. The first of the plans in that book I prepared and in it I think many of your objections were avoided. If you have not seen it I shall make sure that a copy is sent to you. That at first but one or two blocks should be built is precisely what I think. But I will not attempt now to comment upon your notes, nor indeed do I think it probable that I should do otherwise than agree with them. The copies of plans sent you were intended to be kept by you and other plans will be sent to you hereafter. If you have not the volume containing the five plans and will let me know it I will have it sent. For the next 9 days my address with be care of Brown Shipley and Co, Founder Court, Lothbury, London. After that Surgeon General's Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. I leave London by the 5th inst. For Leeds, Edinburgh etc. And sail on the 16th Again thanking you for your criticism I remain Very respectfully and truly yours, JOHN S. BILLINGS, M.D., U.S.A.
Author Cope (Author) says: 'I have made inquires of the Johns Hoskins Hospital and was informed that there was no record referring to the suggestions made by Miss Nightingale. Inquires at the British Museum elicited the information that their copy of the book containing the five plans for the book containing the five plans for the Johns Hoskins Hospital was destroyed by enemy action during 1939 – 45' |
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Medical officer in Indian Army introduced himself in a letter of Miss Nightingale 30 November 1863. 30th December 1863 MADAM, As a medical officer of eighteen years standing I am desirous of returning from furlough with such information as may enable me to aid in the reduction of sickness and morality in the Army, by performing my individual duty more efficiently and by helping you spread a knowledge of the progress already made as well as of those principles which may be considered as established. Miss Nightingale referred him to Indian Sanitary Commission's report best account of sanitation in India 1864 appointed Sanitary Commissioner for Bengal, but within a year resigned on account of ill health. |
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William Farr`s parents were a servant and a labourer in the household of a retired horse drawn cab driver from Bath, named Price. When Mr Price died he left William £500, which he used to go Paris to study hygiene. On his return to England he tried unsuccessfully to set up a practice, and no medical school would allow him to teach hygiene. He became a medical journalist advocating reform of the medical profession. He published articles promoting the use of medical statistics to advance public health. For the first time births, marriages, and deaths were recorded. |
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He and Miss Nightingale had been in constant communication on every statistical subject for many years. Even as far back as 1856, Dr Farr had sent Miss Nightingale an account of the latest results of operations for ovariotomy performed by Spencer Wells. Miss Nightingale had asked him to investigate the mortality statistics of the Crimea War, to see if he could prove that the results of McNeill and Tulloch`s report. He had been studying mortality statistics for many years and he believed that disease was spread through both the atmosphere and water supply. His idea that you could catch a fatal disease directly from a contaminated environment, was new and unproven. Farr`s arguments changed Miss Nightingale's views, and she realised that McNeill and Tulloch`s report had come to the wrong conclusion for the high mortality among the troops. Farr and Miss Nightingale had been working on the differences between the front line hospitals in the Crimea and the base hospitals at Scutari, had shown that the epidemic that had killed 18,000 men out of an army intended to number 25,000 had not been caused by inadequate food, overwork, or lack of shelter but bay bad hygiene. The worst affected places were where there was over crowding, leading to poor sanitation. During her first six months at Scutari 12,000 patients arrived at the hospital, being mainly sick not wounded having transferred from primitive regimental hospitals. The hospital had plenty of supplies and good medical doctors. The problem was the conditions they had to live in, the building was unventilated, the men packed closely together. If this was not enough, the building was built on a poor sewage system. |
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Dr Farr encouraged Miss Nightingale to carry out her ideas in training nurses, as he felt that a great and lasting institute could be formed. He had ideas on hospital statistical. Each big hospital had its own statistical report done in its own way. Miss Nightingale had tried to get each hospital in London to adopt a common form of registration of diseases, with a uniform plan of publishing the results of treatment and mortality. |
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The scheme came to nothing, as that at that time there was no true scientific method of classifying diseases. In 1859 Dr Farr became a member of the Indian Sanitary Commission. Previously in 1858 Dr Farr had asked Miss Nightingale if she would like her name to go forward as a candidate for membership of the Statistical Society, she consented and was duly elected. Dr Farr had written for the 'Lancet'. Miss Nightingale made use of this. Miss Nightingale had studied statistics of various London Hospitals on the mortality after operations. She had asked Dr Farr for assistance in looking through the figures. He helped her considerably, and sent her a memo on some 'table of amputations', 'it is rough but will be intelligible to you – one of my attest workmen'. In Berlin in 1863 the Congress of Statisticians took place, and Dr Farr asked Miss Nightingale if she would contribute a paper. The only paper she had available was that on mortality after surgical operations. She sent it to Dr Farr for his inspection and opinion, he was pleased with it, and read it before Congress. Miss Nightingale had collected statistics of 482 fatal operations, 190 fatal result had been due to pyaemia, erysipelas and similar septic complications. She claimed that they were 'connected with defective in patients so bad as to render doubtful the propriety of operating' Dr Farr had retired in 1880, and a subscription was raised for his benefit. Miss Nightingale subscribed £10. After his death in 1883, she sent another £100 to the Fund, which altogether amounted to only seventeen hundred pounds. |
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When Elizabeth Blackwell was graduated as a doctor of medicine in 1849, she became the first woman doctor in the United States. Her enrolment in the Medical Register of the United Kingdom in 1859 made her Europe's first modern woman doctor. |
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She was born on February 3rd 1821, in Bristol, England, and was one of nine children. Her father Samuel Blackwell was a prosperous sugar refiner, and immigrated with his family to New York City in 1832. Their refinery unfortunately did not prosper, and in 1838 they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, her father died a few months after the move. The need for the boys to find work and the girls to start school did not prevent them from aiding escaped slaves or from participating in intellectual movements. |
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It was in 1844 that Elizabeth Blackwell became determined to be a doctor. Because no medical school would admit her, she studied privately with doctors in the South and in Philadelphia. In 1847 the Geneva Medical School of western New York accepted her, She was the only female student among 150 men. The acceptance evoked a storm of ridicule and criticism, but in spite this she pursued her studies. In 1849 she graduated at the head of her class. |
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Paris then was foremost medical centre, so she went there to undertake advanced studies, but Paris doctors proved as intolerant as their American colleagues. They would not permit her to study as a doctor. She was forced to enter a large maternity hospital as a student midwife. There she contracted an infection that caused her to loose her sight in one eye. After convalescence, she went to London, where she was permitted to continue her studies, at Bartholomew's Hospital. |
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On her return to New York City in 1850, she was not permitted to practice in any hospital, so she fought for her own and other women's rights to learn and practice. She started the New York Infirmary for Women and Children aided by her sister Emily and other women who became doctors and by several tolerant Quakers. Emily had graduated at the Medical College in Cleveland Ohio in 1854. Her leadership in meeting the medical problems presented by the Civil War won her recognition. With her sister she opened a medical college for women in her hospital. |
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Dr Blackwell wrote and lectured. A series of lectures which she delivered in England in 1859 brought her recognition in Britain. After the Civil War she settled in England. Her work and her friendship with Florence Nightingale and other intellectual leaders of the day opened the way for English women to enter the field of medicine. In 1870 she opened her first private practice in London. When the London School of Medicine for Women opened in 1874, she lectured in midwifery. In 1879 she moved out of London, and took the lease on Rock House, Hastings. |
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Her lectures and books dealt largely with social hygiene and with preventive medicine. On May 12th 1871, Elizabeth Blackwell, Barbara Leigh Smith, George Hastings, Anna Goldsmid and Ernest Hart, founded the National Health Society, its motto `Prevention is better than cure`. |
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She Died on May 31st 1910, at her home in Hastings, England. |
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Sir James Clarke lived at Birk Hall, near Balmoral, and was the medical advisor to Queen Victoria. |
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He had been a member of the Royal Commission, regarding the Crimean War, and had been appointed a member of the sub committee of the Nightingale Fund. |
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DR JOHN HALL |
Dr John Hall was Chief of Medical Staff of the British Expeditionary Army, in charge of the Crimea and hospitals of Scutari. He had joined the Army Medical Service in 1815, and qualified in 1845. He had been in Bombay and was waiting for promotion hoping that he would return to England, but found himself in the Crimea. He had written to Dr Andrew Smith that everything in the hospitals was satisfactory, and noting was lacking. It was not until Miss Nightingale`s first report to Sidney Herbert that the truth was known. They were never really to work together, and did as much as he could to make her position difficult. |
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Mr Simon was a distinguished pathologist and surgeon. He had been made medical officer of health of the City on London in 1848, and then in 1855, medical officer to the Board of Health. In the same year, he was appointed adviser to the Privy Council. He was a well-connected surgeon and pathologist of conservative political views; but the end of the Crimea war he was the Medical Officer to the new Board of Health and soon became the country's virtual public health dictator. His high-tech medical and scientific theories of public health were in complete opposition to Chadwick`s theory that sanitary science was a subsidiary department of engineering. |
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He was a prominent member of the Committee of the London Stock Exchange, and had become a Fellow of the Royal Society at a young age through his research in pathology. He had established a reputation for himself in the City by publishing inspirational and controversial annual reports. |
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John Simon tended to employ medical men on the way up the career ladder of that profession, rather than doctors and engineers committed to sanitation of the type favoured by Chadwick. He believed that disease could only be prevented when its causes had been discovered and felt that the Government should devote resources to medical research rather than prevention. |
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In 1864, an investigation was to be carried out, sponsored by Mr Simon, to report on the sanitary conditions of all hospitals in the country. Miss Nightingale did not like Mr Simon or appreciate the work he was doing. It was therefore in 1864 she made a serious attempt to interfere with his work. Mr Simon had nominated Dr Bristowe a wellknown physician at St Thomas's and Medical Officer of Health for Camberwell. Also Mr Timothy Holmes a surgeon at St George's Hospital to carry out the investigation. When they had reported on all the hospitals in this country, they visited hospitals in Paris. Florence Nightingale felt that better men could have been chosen for this task. Upon writing to Mr Robert Lowe, who had the power of nomination, he replied that he could not have found two men more suitable for the task. It was Mr Simon she disapproved of most. She did not Feel that he had enough knowledge to carry out his task for the best results of the report. Perhaps she felt that he should have consulted her on sanitary matters, which he never did. Mr Lowe had written to Florence Nightingale defending Mr. Simon, he felt that her prejudice was undue. He also pointed out to her, (what he called oversight) fault in collecting the right information to give true workable statistics. The fact that even in an unhealthy hospital may have a lower death rate per bed that a healthy one. It should be taken into consideration the number of people who occupied the beds in the course of a year. In one sense every hospital ought to be unhealthy, that is, the refuge for disease, and in that sense the healthier it is (that is the better it is conducted) the more unhealthy it will be. It was with Simon that Florence Nightingale had disagreed with over the new site for St Thomas's Hospital. |
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Mr Simon became Sir John Simon in 1887. |
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13th November 1897 Dear Miss Nightingale, With apologies for my intrusion, which let me hope you will excuse when I plead that I an 81 years old, may I take the liberty of begging you to do me the honour of accepting from me the copy which I herewith send of the new edition of my English Sanitary Institutions. I am well aware that it can give you no new knowledge in its main subject matter; but incidentally it tells the story of what I have tried to do for the interests which you have made your own, that I venture, in now preparing to leave the scene, to beg for a little place in your recollection. My almost blindness has obliged me to delay till I could include in the note what I have to say on another subject, my very earnest thanks for the kindness you have acceded to my petition that my grand-niece Jane Blake, might be admitted to the staff which is yours at my dear old hospital. I beg you to believe that I would not have recommended her to you unless I had sincerely believed that she would devote herself dutifully to the work; and it is my earnest hope that when her year's probation is completed she may be found not unworthy to fill a permanent place in the surgical service of the hospital. If you still sometimes (as I hope) find yourself able to see them, or some of them who are being educated under your influence, I would venture to beg you to let her be of the number and that she may be able to carry on with her through life the memory of one who will be her example. Believe me, dear Miss Nightingale, with truer respect than my crippled handwriting can express. Ever your faithful servant, JOHN SIMON |
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EDWIN CHADWICK [1801-1890] |
Edwin Chadwick was a sharp minded north countryman. Since1834, he had been Secretary of the Poor Law Commissioners, and published a 'Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population' (1842). The Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) was his first great achievement. The Elizabethan Poor Laws, administered in the parishes, had become a heavy and unevenly spread burden on rates, and the availability of workers on outdoor poor relief encouraged employers to pay low wages. A Royal Commission was set up, and was chaired by Bishop Blomfield and included the economist Nasseau Senior, but Chadwick took on most of the work, and the Act contained many of his solutions. It was designed to make Poor Relief an unattractive alternative to paid work - the principle of less eligibility. Workhouses were set up, administered by Poor Law Unions, supervised by a three man Commission through a small team of Inspectors. Bad food, the segregation of the sexes, and harsh types of work, made the workhouses ineligible. Chadwick had intended different arrangements for the old and the infirm, and education for the children, but these were a step too far for those contemplating the expansion of central government. The Commissioners themselves flinched from the full application of the Law in the north, where unemployment was heaviest in recessions, with outdoor relief alone making life bearable. Eventually relations between Chadwick and the Commissioners became so bad they eased him out. By then he had become a target for powerful enemies, such as John Walter, Editor of `The Times`, and Charles Dickens, and, for all the tender hearted and down trodden, he was the architect of the hated `Poor Law `Bastille's` |
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The Government set up a commission of inquiry into the 'Health of Towns', two reports were published in 1844 and 1845 based on enquires into sanitary conditions in a group of large industrial towns. In Industrial towns the annual death rate was rising: in Birmingham between 1831 and 1841 it rose from 14.6 to 27.2 per thousand. Refuse piled up, sewage contaminated the water supply, smoke hung thick in the air. It was Chadwick`s report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Classes to establish the connection between all this and the health of the people. Once again he had aimed to high for those in power. This led to reforms in the 1840's and 1850's. He was on the General Board of Health from 1848 until 1854. The Public Health Act 1848, setting up central Board of Health contained detailed regulations about sanitation. Local boards only compulsory where death rate more than 23 per 1000. Property-owners incomes and rights affected many achieve little. The Central Board had little real power or money to spend, and only survived 10 years. |
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He was also a Royal Commissioner enquiring on: |
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And published Reports on: |
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Chadwick was dismissed in 1854, he spoke and wrote on an enormous range of subjects: sanitation in the tropics (Indian Army), agricultural drainage and sewage, competitive examination, cost accounting and time-and-motion studies for the Civil Service, education for pauper children and school drill, state ownership of railways, and a host of smaller topics on which he held opinions, such as new methods of making bread and cures for sea-sickness. |
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He was a barrister turned public official, and had no official recognition of his work until 1889, when he received a knighthood. |
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SIDNEY HERBERT [1810-1861] |
Sidney Herbert was the only son of George Augustus Herbert 11th Earl of Pembroke (1759-1827) and his second wife, Catherine Woroizow. She was the daughter of Count Simon Woroizow, the Russian Ambassador in London. They had six children Sidney being the only son. |
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Sidney Herbert was educated at Harrow and Oriel College Oxford. He entered Parliament at the age of twenty two in 1833 as member for Wiltshire, he was junior minister at twenty four and entered Peel's Cabinet as Secretary at war in 1845. He was reappointed by Aberdeen in 1852, and stayed in the Cabinet when Palmerston succeeded Aberdeen. During his time he had to cope with the Crimean War, where the short comings of the Army were painfully exposed, also the Indian Mutiny. |
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It was in 1846 that Sidney Herbert married Elizabeth a Court daughter of Lieu-General Charles a Court. In 1860 Sidney Herbert was created a Baron, thus making him 1st Baron Herbert of Lea. They were to have four sons and three daughters. Two of his sons became Earls of Pembroke, and the Barony of Lea is merged in that title. He rented the family home Wilton House Salisbury in Wiltshire from his half brother Robert, 12th Earl of Pembroke 1791-1862. As Robert lived abroad, it was not necessary for him to use his home in England. Sidney Herbert treated the tenants on his estate well, and supported many good causes. |
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Florence Nightingale looked to him to transform the health of the army, and of the Indian army too. He chaired all four of the sub-committees of the Royal Commission on sanitary conditions in the Army, which he had set up. An Army Medical School was decreed, after three years there were sites but no buildings, professors but no salaries, requisition forms but no equipment. |
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The Herbert’s were to be friends with Miss Nightingale during their life times. Sidney was to devote much of his life to her. |
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1st BARON RAGLAN [1788-1855] |
(CRIMEA) |
Lord Fitzoy James Henry Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan, was the eighth and youngest son of the 5th Duke of Beaufort. He was born at Badminton in 1788 and was educated at Westminster School. He was commissioned as a young cornet, in the 4th Light Dragoons in June 1804. Then transferred to the 43rd Regiment of Foot and went to Portugal at aide-de-camp to Sir Arthur Wellesley, future Duke of Wellington. In January 1815, he was made a KCB, and then transferred to the Life Guards as Lieutenant Colonel. He married the Duke of Wellington’s niece. |
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At the Battle of Waterloo his right arm was hit by a musket shot, and had to have his arm amputated. Lord Raglan was Member of Parliament for Truro in 1818 and 1826. In 1854, when he was sixty-six he was appointed to command the British forces going to the Crimea. He was not a good leader, he was shy, and blushed easily. He also gave imprecise orders, such as the famous one which led to the Light Brigade charging the wrong guns. Raglan had the affection of the soldiers, but he felt and over whelming sense of loneliness and desertion. He allowed himself, once again, against his better judgement to follow a French lead and assault the Russian positions at Redan without proper preparation. The heavy casualties and the reproaches of his men drove him into deeper depression. It took only a minor illness to overcome him, and he died with Sebastopol still untaken. |
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He was buried privately at Badminton on July 1855. |
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The Raglan sleeve is named after Lord Raglan. The sleeve which slants up the shoulder to the neck, was the result of his thoughtfulness in clothing his soldiers in sacks as an extra layer of clothing against the savage Russian winter. A hole for the head and a slightly caped effect gave the lead for the sartorial innovation still with us today. |
LORD JOHN RUSSELL [1792-1878] |
The Rt. Hon. Lord John Russell, and after 30 July 1861, 1st Earl Russell, KG (1862), Knight Grand Cross of the most Distinguished Order of St. Michael, and St George (GCMG)1869. He was born on 18th August 1792 at Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey, and also died there on 28 May 1878, and was buried in Chenis, Bucks. He was married twice, first in 1835 to Adelaide (nee Lister), Dowager Baroness Ribblesdale who died in 1838. They had two daughters. Lady Frances Anna Maria Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound was his second wife who he married in 1841, she died in 1898. They had three sons and three daughters. Lord Russell was educated at Westminster School and Edinburgh University. |
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He was MP (Whig) for Tavistock in 1813-17, 1818-20 and 1830-1; Hunts 1820-6; Bandon 1826-30; Devon 1831-2; South Devon 1832-5; Stroud 1835-41; City of London 1841-61. He took a seat in the House of Lords on 30 July 1861. |
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EDWARD GEOFFREY SMITH-STANLEY |
The 14th Earl of Derby, Rt. Hon. Sir Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley Bt, (1859) GCMG (1869), PC 1830, PC(1) 1831; prior to 1834 known as the Hon E. G. Stanley, MP; then known as Lord Stanley MP until 1844; He was born on 19th March 1799 in Knowsley, Lancs, and died on 23rd October 1869 he was buried in Knowsley, Lancs. In 1825 he married the Hon. Emma Caroline Wilbraham-Bootle , who died in 1876. They had two sons and one daughter. He was educated at Eton, Christ Church and Oxford. (Chancellor's prize for Latin Verse). |
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Ministry, a) 23rd February 1852 to 18 December 1852, b) 20th February 1858 to 11 June 1859, c) 28th June 1866 to 26th February 1868;He became MP (Whig) for Stockbridge from 1822-6, Preston 1826-30; Windsor 1831-2; North Lancs 1832-44. He was summoned in 1844 to the House of Lords as Lord Stanley (of Bickerstaffe). He succeeded to Earldom in 1851. |
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GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON |
4TH EARL OF ABERDEEN [1784-1860] |
The Rt. Hon. Sir George Hamilton Gordon, Bt. 4th Earl of Aberdeen, KG (1855), KT (1808), (PC 1814). Prior to October 1791 he was known as Lord Haddo, he assumed the additional name of Hamilton in November 1818. He was born on 28th January 1784, in Edinburgh, and died on 14th December 1860, at Argyll House, St James's London, and was buried at Stanmore, Middx. His grandfather the 3rd Earl, had many illegitimate children, on whom he bestowed much of the family wealth. The Earl had married twice, first in 1805 to Lady Catherine Elizabeth Hamilton, the daughter of the Duke of Abercorn. who died in 1812. They had one son and three daughters. His second marriage was to his wife's sister-in-law, Harriet (nee Douglas) Dowager Viscountess Hamilton, in 1815, who died in 1833. They had four sons and one daughter. His family life was a tragic one, Catherine died seven years after they married, and during this time they lost a son, and their three daughters, his second wife died after eighteen years of marriage, and their daughter a year later. |
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Aberdeen was educated at Harrow School, and St John's College, Cambridge. He travelled for three years, which took him to Smyrna, and a stay in Athens, which gave him an interest in archaeology. He later became President of the Society of Antiquaries and a Trustee of the British Museum. |
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He was a politician whose interests were dominated by foreign affairs. He had started his political life as a diplomat, sent by Castlereagh as special envoy to the Emperor of Austria while the Allies closed in on Napoleon in 1813. In the Foreign Office he started as a junior minister, he entered the Cabinet as Foreign Secretary when the Canningites resigned in 1829. He was Peel's Foreign Secretary from 1841 to 1846, and in his own ministry 1852 to 1855, his influence in shaping foreign policy was dominant. |
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When Peel died in 1850, he was chosen as a leader of the Peelites, despite his age, his ignorance of finance, his reputation for supporting despots on the continent, and suspicions that he disliked taking decisions. Two years later he became Prime Minister. It was the Crimean War which destroyed Aberdeen's government, and left his own reputation in tatters. |
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He retired to Haddo, where he became increasingly overborne by a sense of guilt for the war. It was a mournful finish to a life in which there had already been much personal sadness. |
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HENRY JOHN TEMPLE - 3RD VISCOUNT PALMERSTON [1784-1865] |
The Rt Hon. Sir Henry John Temple, 3rd and last Viscount Palmerston (a non-representative peer of Ireland), KG 1856, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB) 1832 (PC1809). Born on 20th October 1784 at Broadlands, near Romsey in Hampshire, he spent part of his childhood in Italy. He was the son of an Irish peer, who owned 10,000 acres around Sligo, some Welsh slate quarries and land in England worth £2,000 a year in rents. He married in 1839, the Hon. Emily Mary (nee Lamb), the Dowager Countess Cowper who died in 1869. He was educated at Harrow University of Edinburgh, and St John's Cambridge. Their son-in-law Lord Ashley better known as Lord Shaftesbury, the reformer and founder of the Ragged School Union. |
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Throughout his career Palmerston promoted liberalism in Europe because he believed that the British system of responsible government would be good for all the nations of Europe. From 1809 until 1828 he was secretary at war, responsible for finances and administration of the army. He had been offered promotion, but preferred the position he had. He encouraged such uprising as the Paris revolution of 1830, the Italian revolution of 1848, and the Greek and Belgian war for independence, hoping they would lead to less absolutism in the monarchies on the Continent. Palmerston`s leading principle in foreign policy was that Britain had no permanent allies - only permanent interest. He was determined to maintain a balance of power in Europe despite the growing influence of France and Russia. |
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In 1830 he was appointed Foreign Secretary, and in 1855 he became Prime Minister. |
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He died on 18th October 1865 at Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire, he is buried at Westminster Abbey in London. |
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He was MP (Tory) Newport IOW 1807-11, Cambridge University 1811-31, Bletchingley 1831-2, South Hampshire 1832-4, Tiverton 1835-65; from 1829 he was a Whig and latterly a Liberal. |
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The Rt. Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, first and last Earl of Beaconsfield, KG (1878), (PC 1852). He was born on 21st December 1804 at either the Adelphi, Westminster, or at 22 Theobald`s Road, or St Mary Axe? Although his parents were Jews, he became a Christian in 1817. This affected his political career since, before 1858, Jews were excluded from Parliament. He died on 19th April 1881 at Curzon Street, Mayfair, London and was buried at Hughenden Manor, Bucks. There is a monument to him in Westminster Abbey. He married in 1839 Mrs Mary Anne Lewis Beaconsfield (nee Evans) later in 1868 a Viscountess (in her own right). He was educated in Lincoln, by private tutors. |
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As a young man Disraeli needlessly handicapped himself by dressing like a dandy and by affecting dramatic manners. The first time he tried to make a speech in the House of Commons, the other members ridiculed him. |
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In 1876 he had Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India. He played a clever part against Russia in the Congress of Berlin in 1878, blocking its progress in the Balkans and saving Turkey from its domination. The queen rewarded him with the title earl of Beaconsfield and a seat in the House of Lords. In 1880 the Conservatives were defeated and he retired. |
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He was MP (Con) for Maidstone 1837-41, Shrewsbury 1841-7, Buckinghamshire 1847-76, when he became a peer. |
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The Rt. Hon William Ewart Gladstone (PC 1841). He was born on 29th December 1809 at 62 Rodney Street Liverpool, and died on 19th May 1898, at Hawarden Castle, Clwyd, and was buried at Westminster Abbey. His father was a wealthy merchant of Scottish descent and had rich plantations in the West Indies. In 1839, he married Catherine Glynne, who died in 1900, they had four sons and four daughters. He was educated at Seaforth Vicarage, Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. (Double first in Classics and Mathematics). At the age of 24 he was elected to the House of Commons as a Conservative. He was a striking speaker. |
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In the 1860s the more liberal Whigs, attracted some of the free-trade Conservatives. Gladstone originally a Conservative, was among those who moved toward Liberalism. The Liberals` power increased when the electorate was broadened in 1867 to include workingmen in towns. |
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Gladstone helped to bring about most of the great British social and political reforms of the late 19th Century. He was responsible for the first state aid to public elementary schools, for opening Oxford and Cambridge universities to men of all religions, and for introducing the secret ballot. Most of all he is remembered for his Irish reforms. |
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Ireland's misery and discontent were best solved, Gladstone believed, by admitting and correcting the wrongs done by England. Although most of the people in Ireland were Roman Catholics, they were forced to pay tithes to the established Protestant church of Ireland. Gladstone led in passing an act disestablishing the Irish Protestant church in 1869. He was responsible for the first Irish Land Act in 1870. The protected landless farmers from eviction and helped them buy their farms from the absentee landlords. Finally in 1886 he introduced the first Irish Home Rule Bill, which split the Liberal party. Deserted by many Liberals, Gladstone was forced to resign as prime minister, and the bill was defeated. In his last term as prime minister, he introduced a second Home Rule Bill. It failed in the House of Lords, but this effort was important as a first step toward both Irish independence and the limitation of the Lords` veto power. |
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He was Tory MP for Newark 1832-45, University of Oxford 1847-65, (Peelite to 1859, thereafter a Liberal). South Lancashire 1865-8, Greenwich 1868-80, Midlothian 1880-95. |
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The Rt. Hon. Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG (1878), Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian order (GCVO) 1902, (PC 1866), known as Lord Robert Cecil till 1865, and as Viscount Cranbourne, MP, from 1865-68. He was born 3rd Feb 1830 at Hatfield House Hertfordshire, and died 22nd August 1903, and was buried at Hatfield. He was the second son of the second Marquess of Salisbury, but he became heir after the death of his brother in 1865. He was married in 1857 to Georgina Charlotte (nee Alderson), Lady of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert and C.I. (Lady of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India) 1899, she died in 1899. The had four sons and three daughters. |
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He served briefly as secretary of state for India from 1866 to 1867. Under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, he again served as secretary of state for India. In 1878 he became foreign secretary and gained a reputation as a master of foreign diplomacy. For his success during the 1878 Congress of Berlin, he was granted the Order of the Garter. |
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Following the death of Disraeli, he led the Conservative opposition in the House of Lords. During his years as Prime Minister he also served as foreign secretary. His foreign policy was directed both toward the defense of the British Empire as well as its enlargement, particularly in Africa. Ill health forced him to retire in 1902. |
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He was educated at Eaton and Christ Church, Oxford (Hon 4th C1 Maths) MP (Con) for Stamford 1853-68. |
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SIR ARCHIBALD PRIMROSE |
5TH EARL OF ROSEBERY [1847-1929] |
The Rt. Mon. Sir Archibald Philip Primrose, Bt, 5th Earl of Rosebery. Born on 7th May 1847 at Charles Street, Berkley Square London, the Hon. A.P. Primrose, and known as Lord Dalmeny 1854-68, Earl of Midlothian from 1911, although he did not adopt the style. He had inherited the title from his grandfather when he was twenty, and his considerable wealth became exceptional when he married Hannah Rothschild ten years later, in 1887. (She died in 1890). He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. |
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He became Under Secretary at the Home Office with special responsibility for Scotland in 1881, and entered the Cabinet as Lord Privy Seal in 1885. In Gladstone`s brief third administration in 1886 he was Foreign Secretary; he was returned to the Foreign Office in 1892, and finally succeeded as Prime Minister in 1894. His ministry only lasted sixteen months. He had started by making a damaging mistake, when he told the Lords that England `as the predominant member of the Three Kingdoms` would have to be convinced of the merits of Home Rule before it could be passed; thus enraging the Irish allies on whom his Parliamentary majority rested. His attempt to initiate a reform of the House of Lords fell flat. The one significant achievement of his government, the budget introducing graduated death duties on all forms of property, was Harcourt's, and Rosebery did not like it. |
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He wrote a best selling life of Pitt, and books on Lord Randolph Churchill, the early Chatham and Napoleon in exile. He died on 21st May 1929 at The Durdans`, Epsom Surrey, and was buried at Dalmeny. |
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The Rt. Hon. Arthur James Balfour (PC 1885), was born on 25th July 1848 at Whittingehame, East Lothian, Scotland, and died on 19th March 1930 at Fisher's Hill Woking, Surrey, and buried at Whittingehame. |
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He did not marry, and was educated at Eton and Trinity, Cambridge. He Was MP (Con) Hertford 1847-85, East Manchester 1885-1906, City of London 1906-22. |
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He took an interest in nursing which occupied more than half his life. He was the founder of district nursing, and he recognised the importance of effective training for all nurses. He was also largely responsible for improved workhouse conditions. In 1859 soon after the death of his first wife, thinking what intense misery must be felt in the houses of the poor from the want of such home nursing care, he paid a Mrs Robinson the former private nurse of his late wife Lucretia, to go into one of the poorest districts of Liverpool and try, in nursing the poor, to relieve suffering and to teach them the rules of health and comfort. |
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He achieved the establishment of the Liverpool Training School and Home for Nurses in 1862, from which basis a district nursing system was implemented in Liverpool through the 1860s and spread through the country. His involvement with this scheme led him to an awareness of the poor state of the workhouse hospitals, and he did much to assist in the reform of the nursing in workhouses. In 1888-1889 he was honorary secretary, and then Vice-President of the Queen Victoria Jubilee Institute for Nurses. |
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He was elected a Liberal MP for Liverpool in 1868, and sat for the city until 1880, he was returned as M.P. for Carnarvonshire from 1861-1885, and for North Carnarvonshire from 1885-1895. He was closely involved in the formation of University College, Liverpool, 1882, founding a Professorship in English with his two brothers, and serving as president of the college in 1892. He also played an important part in the establishment of the University College of North Wales in 1884, of which he served as president from 1891. He was made Freeman of the City of Liverpool on 21 Oct 1891. |
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He died on 6 Mar 1902 at Greenbank |
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DIRECTOR GENERAL 1882-1998 |
Sir Thomas Crawford was readily accessible to Miss Nightingale and open to receive suggestions and to ask for advice. He arranged to send nurses to Egypt who she had recommended, and took the trouble to let her know of their movements |
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In 1883 he had spoken with Miss Nightingale about the extension of female nursing in military hospitals. the next day she sent him a full memo on the subject and emphasized two main points: 1. thorough training as to work and discipline; 2. efficient supervision. Also a list of questions to be asked of those who wished to enter as military nurses. |
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Died 12th October 1895 |
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See obituary relating to Dr Crawford`s granddaughter, Margaret Smyth. |
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ROBERT LOWE - VISCOUNT SHERBROOKE 1811-1892 |
He was born in Birmingham, and educated at Winchester College and University College Oxford. He became Vice President of the Education Board in 1859, in Lord Palmerston Government. Following the election in 1868, William Gladstone made him Chancellor of the Exchequer, and then on to the post of Home Secretary. |
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In 1880 he was created Viscount Sherbrooke. |
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He had been in the service of the Indian Government since 1834, and was an administrator of the provence of Scinde, which he left in 1859, to become a member of the Viceroy's Council. In 1862 he had been appointed Governor of Bombay. While he was there he had insanitary buildings demolished, and introduced scavenging services, established a town council, and founded a school for the education of the daughters of Indian gentlemen. He did his best to work for prosperity, introducing new crops such as cotton and sugar. The end of his term of office was clouded by the failure of the Bombay Bank, after over lending during the cotton boom crated by the American Civil War. On his return to England in 1867, he was created a member of the India Council. He left the India Office in 1872, and in 1875 he accompanied the Prince of Wales on his tour of India. |
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Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo, was born on 21st February 1822, in Dublin. He was a member of Parliament for 20 years, representing a number of Irish constituencies. In 1868, he became Viceroy of India. |
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In 1868, his force in Abyssinia marched over 400 miles across mountains, supplies had to be carried from the coast. The force landed in January, by June the fortress of Magdala had been stormed. He had begun his career in the Bengal Engineers of the East India Company. He then became head of the Public Works Department of the Punjab |
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He went through the East India Company's training school, with his brother Henry [1806-1857]. John went to Haileybury and Henry to Addiscombe. He loved India and its people. He was a first class administrator, and liked to be firmly in control of everything for which he was responsible. He left India in 1859, and took up a place on the new India Board. In 1863 Palmerston sent him back to India as Vicroy. |
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William
Rathbone VI was the eldest son of William Rathbone V and
Elizabeth (nee Greg). He was a merchant, shipowner, philanthropist
and MP, 1968-1895 first for Liverpool and later for Caernarvonshire.
He became a partner of Rathbone Brothers and Co., general merchants,
in 1842 after some time spent with Nichol, Duckworth
and Co. in Liverpool, and Baring Brothers in London,
and remained a partner until 1885.His first wife was
Lucretia Wainwright Gair [1823-27 May 1859] daughter of Samuel Stillman
Gair of Liverpool, who he married in 1847. He married again on 6
February 1862 to Esther Emily Acheson Lyle [1863-19] , daughter
of Acheson Lyle of Londonderry. He had ten children: William Gair
Rathbone VII [1849-1919], Elizabeth Lucretia [1851-1920], Thomas
Ashton [1856-1895], Henry Gair [1853-1945], Edward Lucretius [1859-1886].,
Acheson Lyle, Cyril Charles [1866-1868], Bertram Eric, Eleanor Florence[1872-1946]
and Francis Warre.
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Mary Clarke live at 120 rue du Bac, in Paris. She had made herself very popular with men in the political world, and had a remarkable gift for conversation. Every Friday night Cabinet Ministers, Dukes of France, English peers, bishops and writers of international reputations would meet in the drawing room of her apartment. |
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She was from an old Scottish Family, her cousin was Lord Dalrymple. |
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Mary Clarke became very friendly with the mediaeval scholar Claude Fauriel. They met daily, travelled and dined together. Although Mary was in love with him, he wanted only her friendship. This was to continue for more than fifteen years. |
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Mary did however have an admirer, Julius Mohl. He was the younger son of a well known German aristocratic family. In September 1847 they married. |
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She died in May 1883. |
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RICHARD MONCKTON MILNES [1809-1885] |
LORD HOUGHTON |
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Church matters had always a claim upon him: he wrote a striking tract in 1841, which was praised by Newman; and took part in the discussion about” Essays and Reviews,” defending the tractarian position in One Tract More (1841). He published two volumes of verse in 1838, Memorials of Residence upon the Continent and Poems of Many Years, Poetry for the People in 1840 and Palm Leaves in 1844. He also wrote a Life and Letters of Keats in 1848, the material for which was largely provided by the poet’s friend, Charles Armitage Brown. His poetry is meditative and delicate; some of his ballads were among the most popular of their day, and all his work was marked by refinement. But his chief distinctions were his keen sense of literary merit.in others, and the judgment with which he fostered it. He was surrounded by the most brilliant men of his time, many of whom he had been the first to acclaim. He secured a pension for Tennyson, helped to make Emerson known in Great Britain, and was one of the earliest champions of Swinburne. He helped David Gray and wrote a preface for The Luggie. He was, in the old sense of the word, a patron of letters, and one who never abused the privileges of his position. |
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In 1851 he married the Hon. Annabel Crewe. He died at Vichy on the 11th August 1885, and was buried at Fryston. |
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Shadows |
By Richard Monckton Milnes |
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THEY seem'd,
to those who saw them meet,
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But yet if one
the other's name
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And letters of
mere formal phrase
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Alas, that love
was not too strong
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Yet what no chance
could then reveal,
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Chevalier Bunsen was the Prussian Ambassador, and was created a baron in 1857. He was a Biblical scholar, who shared with his friend Lepsius the credit for being the world's leading Egyptologist. He had a house in Charlton House Terrace and also Sussex. |
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Benjamin Jowett was a Master of Balliol College, Oxford from 1870 until his death in 1893. He had attended Balliol in 1836 as an undergraduate. As Regius Professor of Greek he was notoriously underpaid, Christ Church wriggling their way out of increasing his stipend. His reputation made Balliol the outstanding intellectual center at Oxford, his students included Asquith, Grey, Curzon and Milner as statesmen, Gore and Lang as churchmen, Tout and Caird as scholars, leading lawyers and diplomats. |
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M MOHL JULIUS [ -1876] |
He was the younger son of a German aristocratic family, he had become a naturalised Frenchman |
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He was an Oriental scholar, who learnt all the oriental languages to write a history of religion, he was working on a translation of the Persian epic `Shah Nameh` by Firdausi. For this he received a grant once a year from the French Academy. |
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He had married Mary Clarke In September 1847. |
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CHARLES [ -1872] AND SELINA BRACEBRIDGE [ -1874] |
Charles and his wife Selina accompanied Miss Nightingale to the Crimea. Charles took over the finances of the expedition and made the travelling arrangements. He also went with Miss Nightingale when she sail from Scutari to Balaclava on May 2nd 1855 along with Soyer, his secretary and a boy named Robert Robinson. When Miss Nightingale had become ill in the Crimea, Selina had nursed her. Charles and his wife left the Crimea on July 28th 1856. |
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On his return to England he gave a lecture at the Town Hall in Coventry. It was a furious and inaccurate attack on the British Army authorities and the Army doctors. |
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In 1833, Theodore Fliedner converted his summer house into a refuge for a single destitute discharged prisoner. This was to be the beginning of the Kaiserwerth Institution. |
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By 1851 it included a hospital with a hundred beds, an infant school, a penitentiary, an orphan asylum and a normal school for training school mistresses |
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Born in London he was the son of Robert Pemberton
Milnes, of Fryston Hall, Yorkshire and the Hon. Henrietta Monckton,
who was the daughter of the fourth Lord Gairway. He was educated
privately, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1827. He
became a member of the famous “Apostles” Club, which then included
Tennyson, Hallam, Trench, J. W. Blakesley, afterwards dean of Lincoln.
After taking his degree, he travelled abroad, spending some time
at Bonn University. From there he went to Italy and Greece, and
in 1834 published a volume of Memorials of a Tour in some Parts
of Greece, describing his experiences. He returned to London in
1837, and was elected to Parliament as member for Pontefract. He
interested himself particularly in the question of copyright and
the conditions of reformatory schools. After leaving Peel’s party
over the Corn Law controversy, and was afterwards identified in
politics with Palmerston, he was made a peer in 1863. His literary
career was industrious and cultured, without being exceptionally
distinguished. PROMINENT PEOPLE |
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WILLIAM HOWARD RUSSELL [1820-1907] |
William Howard Russell way born on March 28 1820, at Lily Vale in the parish of Tallaght, a rural district of County Dublin. He was born into an impoverished middle-class Irish family with a Protestant father and a Catholic mother. |
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As a war correspondent he worked mainly for `The Times`[1841] reporting of the Crimean War, for which he became famous. He had originally though he would be there until Easter 1854, but covered the war for two years. He sent two packages a week, each of 6,000 words, which would take at least ten days to reach England by sea. He described the shortage of medical supplies, the breakdown of the commissariat, the red tape and anachronism of the British command structure, and the superiority of the French in all the departments. |
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He then went on to report on the Indian Mutiny, the American Civil War, the Prussian wars against Austria and France, for `The Telegraph`, he also reported on the Zulu War. He was Editor, and for sometime Proprietor, of the `Army and Navy Gazette. |
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Russell aimed for factual accuracy and honest reporting, with a readership unused to news from the front line, his influence was unprecedented. Towards the end of his life, he found himself ill at ease with the selective reporting and low regard for accuracy of the popular press. The inscription on his bust in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral reads; `The first and greatest of war correspondents.` |
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In February 1855, he set sail for the Crimea aboard the Hecla, traveling under royal patronage and with the assistance of the British government. This is probably the reason that Fentons pictures shied away from views that would have portrayed the war in a negative light. There could also have been other factors affecting the content of his pictures, that being that he was using new photographic techniques with a lengthy exposure time would not capture the action of war. Also the heat in his van during the Spring and Summer months was unbearable, so many of his pictures were taken early in the morning. |
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In February 1855, he set sail for the Crimea aboard the Hecla, traveling under royal patronage and with the assistance of the British government. This is probably the reason that Fentons pictures shied away from views that would have portrayed the war in a negative light. There could also have been other factors affecting the content of his pictures, that being that he was using new photographic techniques with a lengthy exposure time would not capture the action of war. Also the heat in his van during the Spring and Summer months was unbearable, so many of his pictures were taken early in the morning. |
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He photographed many of the leading figures, British soldiers and their camp life, and many scenes in and around Balaklava and Sevastopol. |
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He returned to England on June 26th ?, ill with Cholera. |
There is an excellent site showing many of Roger Fentons pictures in the Crimea. |
JAMES BRUDENELL [LORD CARDIGAN] |
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ALEXIS SOYER[1809-1858] |
Alexis Benoît Soyer was born on 4 February 1810 at Meaux-en-Brie on the Marne in France. He was the youngest son of Emery Roch Alexis Soyer, a grocer, and his wife Marie Chamberlan. The couple had five sons: Alexis was the youngest, and the only one to survive |
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Between 1821 and 1826 he served as apprentice to a cook at Grignon, near Versailles and then was employed by the Boulevard des Italiens, where he worked for about three years, soon becoming chief cook over twelve men. In June 1830 he was second cook to Prince Polignac at the French Foreign Office, but left France during the July revolution [1830] and in 1831 he accepted employment in the London kitchen of the Duke of Cambridge. Subsequently he worked for the Duke of Sutherland, the Marquis of Waterford, William Lloyd of Aston Hall, Oswestry, and the Marquis of Ailsa at Isleworth. In 1837 he was appointed as chef to the Reform Club, London. On the day of Queen Victoria's coronation [28 June 1838] he prepared a breakfast for two thousand guests at the club. |
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In February 1847 Soyer wrote letters to the public press about the famine in Ireland and in April he was appointed by the government to go to Dublin where he built and opened kitchens from where he sold soup and meat at half the usual cost. While there, he published a sixpenny book, Soyer's Charitable Cookery, giving part of the proceeds to various charities. |
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In 1849 he began to market his 'magic stove' with which food could be cooked on the table. It proved to be very successful. In May 1850 he resigned from his post as chef at the Reform Club, where his salary and fees brought him in almost £1,000 a year. In May 1851 he opened Gore House, Kensington as a restaurant, hoping that the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park would bring him numerous customers. Although the restaurant was well patronised, the venture resulted in a loss of £7,000. |
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On 2 February 1855 he wrote to The Times offering to go to the Crimea at his own expense to advise on the cooking for the army there. He began by revising the diet sheets for the hospitals at Scutari and Constantinople. In two visits to Balaclava he, Florence Nightingale and the medical staff reorganised the provisioning of the hospitals; he also began to cook for the fourth division of the army. On 3 May 1857 he returned to London and on 18 March 1858 he lectured at the United Service Institution on cooking for the army and navy. He also built a model kitchen at the Wellington Barracks, London. |
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He died on 5 August 1858 at St. John's Wood, London and was buried on 11 August in Kensal Green cemetery. Soyer wrote many cookery books including A Shilling Cookery Book for the People [1855]. Soyer's Culinary Campaign [1857] and Instructions for Military Hospitals [1860]. |
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7TH EARL OF CARDIGAN [1797-1868] |
James Brudenell had inherited the manor of Deane in Northamptonshire from a line of Brudenells stretching back to 1514, and was heir to a title bestowed by Charles II on a cavalier. |
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He was rich enough with £40,000 a year to buy his way up the army. He wanted his regiment to be the best drilled and smartest. Cardigan's 11th Hussars drew the eyes of the crowds when they paraded in Dublin, Brighton or Windsor, in their short blue jackets, tight fitting cherry coloured trousers, and abundance of gold trimmings. He spent £10,000 of his own money each year on their uniforms and their horses. The officers` mess was famous for its champagne and French cuisine. But many of his officers hated him. |
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It was his part in the Crimean during the Charge of the Light Brigade that earned Cardigan immortality. He had received an order to prevent the Russians from carrying off the guns. The guns concerned were the British guns on a height at the side of the valley ahead of him, which the Russians had captured and were starting to drag away. But Cardigan from his position could only see Russian guns at the far end of the valley, which was dominated by Russian troops from both sides. It was to him an astonishing order. He set off at the head of his 673 men. He rode a mile and a quarter down the valley; charged the guns ahead, which fired a salvo just as he reached them; beat off the attacks of the Cossacks manning them and rode back again through the cross-fire. He was almost unscathed. Of his men 195 survived. |
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He was turned into a hero. The Queen summoned him to Windsor to tell his story to her children; the Lord Mayor feasted him at the Guildhall |
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Sir John McNeil was a Highlander born at Colonsay in 1795. He was educated at St Andrews and Edinburgh Universities qualifying at Edinburgh in 1816. He joined the East India Company as assistant surgeon. After four years in India he was sent to Tehran as surgeon to the British Charge d`Affairs in Persia. Possessing qualities useful in diplomatic work was useful in his appointment as Assistant Charge d`Affairs. Being entrusted with many delicate diplomatic missions. In 1839 he was awarded the GCB, and after twenty four years in Persia returned home and retired from the service of the East India Company. In 1845 he took the post of Chairman of the Board of Supervision, which was set up to administer the new Poor Law in Scotland. |
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Alexander Tulloch made a name for himself in India through his hobby of compiling statistics and extracting useful information from them. He would collect statistics on sickness and mortality data for the troops on foreign stations. He noticed that there was a tendency for military pensioners to live to extreme old age. He was able to show from the statistics he collected that the relatives of deceased soldiers were concealing their deaths so they could continue to draw the pension. He also exposed a number of frauds carried out by the East India Company, on the common soldier by depriving them of their pay and forcing them to buy goods at extortionate prices. |
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He persuaded Florence Nightingale to fight for reforms, for the army. He set up an army educational corps to improve the common soldier. He had spent many months in the wilderness of northern Canada, carrying out important studies of the earth's magnetic fields. |
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John Delane was Editor of `The Times` from 1841 until 1877, and was regarded in the political world as one of the most influential figures of his day. Until the duties on advertising and paper were repealed between 1853 and 1861, together with the stamp duty on the newspapers themselves, it was the national journal of England, and regarded by foreign powers as the mouthpiece of the government. He worked as Editor, with John Walter III, the proprietor from 1847, and Mowbray Morns the Manager. He selected the letters to be published and the books to be reviewed as well as the subjects for the leaders and the items of news. The views of `The Times` were his views. He supported Free Trade and Factory Acts. As a sturdy patriot, he backed the entry into the Crimean War, but led the outcry against the mismanagement of it, much of which was exposed by his own war correspondent, WH Russell. He was out spoken in his mistrust of Napoleon III and the French. His support for the south in the American Civil War expressed the views of the Lancashire cotton interest, as well as of the British aristocracy. When ill health forced him to retire to the house he had built for himself in Ascot, he could claim that he had nearly doubled the circulation of `The Times`, to over 60,000 and more than trebled the dividend it paid; this despite the new competition from the penny press. |
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Under Sir Hugh Rose's command during the Indian Mutiny, the Central India Field Force performed a historic march, across India, a distance of over 1,000 miles, in hot weather fighting continuously. He had been Commander-in-Chief in India since June 1860. He had been engaged in amalgamating the East India Company's troops and the Queen's troops into one army. |
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HARRIET MARTINEAU [1802-1876] |
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Harriet Martineau was born in Norwich on June 12th, 1802, the daughter of Thomas Martineau and Elizabeth Rankin Martineau. Of French Huguenot origin, the extensive family boasted a long line of surgeons but Thomas Martineau was a bombazine manufacturer. After being taught Latin, writing, arithmetic, and French at home by her older brothers and sister, she and her sister Rachel attended Rev. Isaac Perry's school for two years where she received the same education as the boys. As an unhappy teenager, she was sent to stay with her aunt in Bristol where she was inspired by the teachings of the prominent Unitarian minister, Dr. Lant Carpenter. In 1826 her father died, and three years later the family business failed. Martineau and her two sisters were forced to earn their own living. She embarked on a literary career, her first article appearing in the Unitarian periodical, The Monthly Repository, about 1821. |
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Her rise to fame came with the publication in 1832 of the first of her series of stories told to illustrate the principles of political economy. She moved to London later that year where her mother and a widowed aunt eventually joined her in a house in Fludyer Street, Westminster. When her political economy series concluded in 1834, Martineau went to the United States for a two-year holiday, a trip which provided the material for two books, a lifelong commitment to the Abolition movement, and a position as an English spokesperson on American affairs. In 1839, on a trip to the Continent to examine the Italian settings of some of Shakespeare's plays, she fell ill in Rome and was carried home there to be diagnosed with a mortal tumour of the womb. She moved to Tynemouth near Newcastle to be close to her brother who was a doctor. Determining not to return to London, she built a house in Ambleside in the Lake District. There she wrote her History of the Peace and the translation of Comte's Positive Philosophy. She also continued writing for various periodicals among them the Westminster Review and Household Words. She embarked on small-scale farming, and gave an annual series of winter lectures to the working classes, she also established a Building Society. |
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In 1855, she was diagnosed once again with a mortal illness which she declared was heart disease but which was probably a return of the tumour. Expecting to die at any time, she wrote her Autobiography in three months, had it printed for immediate release on her death, and commissioned her lifelong friend, the American abolitionist Maria Weston Chapman, to write a third volume. Carefully nursed by first her niece Maria Martineau and, after her death, other nieces, Martineau devoted most of her time to her work as an editorial writer for the Daily News newspaper. The first female leader writer, she was to produce nearly 1500 editorials before her health deteriorated to the point that she could write no more. Collaborative work with Florence Nightingale also commenced during this period. She had never met Florence Nightingale, but when she appealed to her for help for her sanitary reform plans, she responded and worked hard to increase their intimacy. Visits by and to her extended family were also frequent. One of the last campaigns of her life was that for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. She died in 1876. |
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Mrs Bedford Fenwick (ne Ethel Manson) was born on January 26th 1857. She was the daughter of a wealthy doctor, he died early in her life and Ethel's mother was to marry a Member of Parliament. There family home became Thoroton Hall Notts. |
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Ethel Manson became a paying probationer at the Children’s Hospital Nottingham. From there she went for training at the Royal Infirmary Manchester |
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By the age of 21 she was a sister at the London Hospital, at 24 she was appointed the Matron of St Bartholomew’s Hospital. |
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In 1887 she retired from nursing and married Dr Bedford Fenwick. Ethel Bedford Fenwick campaigned to raise nursing standards, and founded the British Nursing Association, and was voted permanent president. |
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The object of the Association was to put a petition before parliament for a state register. The register would be divided between those nurses with three years training and a certificate for nurses with one year of training, but of good character or educated ladies. |
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Ethel Bedford Fenwick recruited 100 matrons, 100 doctors and 100 sisters or nurses for the Council. Princess Christian was the patron. |
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In 1892 she bought the Nursing Record later known as the British Journal of Nursing. |
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In 1894 she was voted off the Royal British Nurses Association, her husband also resigned as Treasurer. |
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In 1893 she went to America to attend the Chicago World Fair, where there was a British Nurses Exhibit. |
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In 1894 she founded the Matrons Council of Great Britain and Ireland. |
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Died in March 1947. |
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(During Florence Nightingale's lifetime) |
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The following people held key positions in the Government during the lifetime of Florence Nightingale. Many of whom were to aid her in her work. |
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