Direct Male Lines & Mutation History Trees

Genetic Distance and Estimates of TMRCA (Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor)

Trawl of the internet for more genetic cousins

Haplogroups

Haplogroups in the Spearin Surname Project

Migration path of Haplogroup I

The Haplogroup I tree

Comparison of Haplogroup I2b1 "Cont-1" subgroup and Spearin Genetic Family 1

What does the future hold for our past?

Haplogroups

File:Haplogroup I.png

Two if not three haplogroups have emerged thus far - I1c, I2b, and R1b1a2. FTDNA results are labelled I2b, DNAheritage results are labelled I1c, so this may represent a difference in characterisation methods between the two labs rather than two separate I subgroups. This should become more clear when the full results for subject 1 are available (he has tested at both labs). Confirmation of which subclade this cluster belongs to will probably necessitate deep clade testing.

It would also be interesting to compare this cluster's haplotypes against the most common values for the I haplogroup. This would identify any rare values. But how would this help? ...

Focussing on Haplotype I, Wikipedia suggests that I1c and I2b are very closely correlated with each other (last updated 5th April 2011). There is a high concentration around Denmark, and another high concentration around Bosnia. The Danish connection is consistent with the evidence that the original Spearin's may have come from northern Europe (although Flanders is further south of the main concentration of this haplotype). I1c is currently a terminal subclade (i.e. there are no further subgroups) whereas I2b has two subclades and the first of these has a further 4 subclades. The Wikipedia article should be consulted for the most up-to-date information regarding Haplotype I.

The subclades of Haplogroup I with their defining mutations:^[22]

I-M170 (L41, M170, M258, P19, P38, P212, U179)
- I* Low frequency in Europe,^[9] Middle East and Caucasus.
- I1-M253 (L75, L80, L81, L118, L121, L123, L125, M253, M307.1/P203.1, M450/S109, P30, P40, S62, S63, S64, S65, S66, S107, S108, S110, S111) Typical of populations of Scandinavia and Northwest Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eastern Europe
  - I1* In Anatolia at 1%^[23]
  - I1a-M21 (M21)
  - I1b-M227 (M227) Appears to be limited to a marginally low frequency of approximately 1% among Slavic and Uralic peoples of Eastern Europe; also detected in a single Lebanese man
    - I1b1-M72 (M72)
  - I1c-P259 (P259/M507)
  - I1d-L22 (L22/S142)
    - I1d1-P109 (P109)
  - I1e-S79 (S79)
- I2-M438 (L68, M438/P215/S31)
  - I2* Low frequency in Armenia, Georgia and Turkey.^[22]
  - I2a-P37.2 (P37.2)
    - I2a1-M26 (L158, L159, M26) Typical of the population of the so-called "archaic zone" of Sardinia; also found at low frequencies among populations of Southwest Europe, particularly in Castile, Béarn, and the Basque Country
      - I2a1a-M161 (M161) Very rare (1 in Puerto Rico)
      - I2a1b-L160
    - I2a2-M423 (L178, M423)
      - I2a2a-L69.2 (L69.2(=T)/S163.2) Typical of the Balkan populations, especially the populations of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia; also found with high frequency in Moldavia and Romania and high haplotype diversity values, but lower overall frequency, among the populations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic
        
        I2a2a1-P41.2 (P41.2/M359.2) Very rare (2 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 in Turkey, 1 in England and 1 in Croatia)
      - I2a2b-L161 low frequency in Ireland and Great Britain
  - I2b-M436 (L35, L37, M436/P214/S33, P216/S30, P217/S23, P218/S32)
    - I2b1-M223 (L34, L36, L59, M223, P219/S24, P220/S119, P221/S120, P222/U250/S118, P223/S117) Occurs at a moderate frequency among populations of Northwest Europe, with a peak frequency in the region of Lower Saxony in central Germany; minor offshoots appear in Moldavia and Russia (especially aroundVladimir, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and the Republic of Mordovia)
      - I2b1a-M284 (M284) Generally limited to a low frequency in Great Britain
        
        I2b1a1-L126 (L126/S165, L137/S166)
      - I2b1b-M379 (M379)
      - I2b1c-P78 (P78)
      - I2b1d-P95 (P95)
    - I2b2-L38 (L38/S154, L39/S155, L40/S156, L65.1/S159.1) Generally limited to the Upper Rhine and British Isles^[24]

Note that the naming of some of the subgroups has changed, as new markers have been identified, and the sequence of mutations has become clearer..

9 ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rootsi S, Magri C, Kivisild T, et al. (July 2004). "Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow in europe". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 75 (1): 128-37. doi:10.1086/422196.PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
22 ^ ^a ^b ISOGG 2010
23 ^ Cinniogˆlu, Cengiz et al 2003-04, Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia
24 ^ In Search of the Origin of I-L38 (aka I2b2)

Further Information regarding the changes in Haplogroup I nomenclature can be accessed at http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/60 where the table below can be found.

I Subclade Assignment Table

The following table summarizes how the various subclades of I are currently assigned based on SNP results:

Subclade	Mutations					Previous nomenclature
I*	M258 (2004)					I*
I1	M258 (2004)	M253 (2004)				I1
I1a	M258 (2004)	M253 (2004)	M21 (2001)			I1a
I1b	M258 (2004)	M253 (2004)	M227 (2004)			I1b
I1b1	M258 (2004)	M253 (2004)	M227 (2004)	M72 (2000)		I1b1
I1c	M258 (2004)	M253 (2004)	P259 (May 2008)			I1d
I1d	M258 (2004)	M253 (2004)	L22 (Dec 2008)
I1d1	M258 (2004)	M253 (2004)	P109 (May 2008)			I1c
I2	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)				I2
I2a	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	P37.2 (2002)			I2a
I2a1	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	P37.2 (2002)	M26 (2004)		I2a2
I2a1a	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	P37.2 (2002)	M26 (2004)	M161 (2000)	I2a2a
I2a2	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	P37.2 (2002)	M423 (May 2008)		I2a1
I2a2a	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	P37.2 (2002)	M423 (May 2008)	P41.2 (2002)	I2a1a
I2a2b	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	P37.2 (2002)	M423 (May 2008)	L69(=T) (Jan 2009)
I2b	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	M436 (May 2008)			I2b
I2b1	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	M436 (May 2008)	M223 (2001)		I2b1
I2b1a	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	M436 (May 2008)	M223 (2001)	M284 (2004)	I2b1a
I2b1b	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	M436 (May 2008)	M223 (2001)	M379 (2006)	I2b1b
I2b1c	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	M436 (May 2008)	M223 (2001)	P78 (2005)	I2b1c
I2b1d	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	M436 (May 2008)	M223 (2001)	P95 (2005)	I2b1d
I2b2	M258 (2004)	M438 (May 2008)	M436 (May 2008)	L38 (Dec 2008)

Y-DNA Haplogroup I Naming Nomenclature. Genebase Tutorials. Retrieved April 15, 2011, from http://www.genebase.com/learning/article/60

There are some interesting maps of this early migration at the following websites:

http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/Tree%20and%20Map%20for%20Hg%20I.pdf - Ken is an expert on this type of deep ancestry analysis and has many interesting documents on his website, including this map of Haplogroup-I migrations, and an I2b1 family tree (phylogram) at http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net/Tree%20for%20M223+.pdf
http://www.goggo.com/terry/HaplogroupI1/ - early migrations of Haplogroup I1 across Europe
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~villandra/McKinstry/DeepHistory.html - an excellent website for a detailed description of the migrations of Haplogroup I (including I2b1) and linking this with what is known from traditional archaeology, linguistics, and palaeontology

Maurice Gleeson
Oct 2011

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Last update: Oct 2011

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