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The Golden Falcon |
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Chapter VI/4 - Fair |
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Coventry
Grange "sable, a fesse ermine
between 3 crescents or, an eagle displayed of the 1st". Crest:
"a chapeau gules turned up argent, a cock pheasant proper beaked and
membered of the 1st". East
Hamney, Philibert's manor in the Wantage Hundred of Berkshire was held by
John Golafre by conveyance. West
Locking in the same Hundred was conveyed to John Golafre in 1428 by Thomas
Chaucer (son of Geoffrey Chaucer). It
had belonged previously to Henry de Ferrars of Tutbury, after which it
passed to the Curzons. Baldwin's
Weeks and Wykes were held by John Golafre prior to 1443. The de la Wyck family were tenants of the Ferrars fee in the
13th century. Thomas de
Missenden's widow married Sir John Golafre.
Thomas de Missenden (d. 1369) was the king's yeoman and lord of the
manor of Farley Chamberlayne, Hampshire. Eaton
in Appleton in the Ock Hundred of Berkshire passed to John Golafre of
Fyfield who rebuilt the church of St. Nicholas, Fyfield in the 14th
century and died in 1363 - there is a monument to him in the chapel. Garford in Marcham in the same Hundred was held in 1428 by
John Golafre who held the le Poer lands and to whom Eaton Appleton passed
in 21 Henry VI (1433). Frilford
in Ock was sold in 1383 to Isabel, John Golafre's widow. The
manor of St. Helen's in the Hormer Hundred of Berkshire was granted partly
to the Guild of the Holy Cross and conveyed to Amaury St. Amand in 1402.
St. Amand died in 1402 when the manor was held by his wife Eleanor
until 1426 when it was conveyed to John Golafre, official of the Guild of
the Holy Cross. The
manor of Wytham in the same Hundred was held by Robert de Wytham who
married Juliana, daughter of John Golafre. Fyfield
was connected with the House of York and the Yorkist cause.
Philippa de Mohun married (1) Lord Walter fitzWalter (d. 1386), a
descendant of the de Clares and fitzWalters of Dunmow, Essex and Baynards
Castle, who were banner bearers of London.
Philippa's second husband was Sir John Golafre or Golafer (d. 1396)
and her third, Edward Plantagenet, Duke of York.
She was buried at Westminster Abbey with Sir John Golafre.
Fyfield came to Richard III with Stanford-in-the-Vale through his
marriage to Anne Neville. John
de la Pole of Fyfield was his heir and was killed in an attempt to seize
the throne after Richard died. The
Yorkist pretender Perkin Warbeck lived at Fyfield and his widow Catherine
Gordon, known as the "White
Rose of York and Scotland", was buried there - Warbeck was her
fourth husband. The
following inquisitions show the lands John Golafre held: 22
Henry VI (1444) No. 74 - Johannes Golafre: Fifhede (Fyfield)
"maner et avoc'
ecclesiae"
(advowson of the church), Gareford
manor, Frileford maner, Eton maner, Pyle maner et Appelton "messuagia
terr' &c" (messuage
and land), Berkshire. 23
Henry VI (1445) No. 49: Johannes Golafre, armiger, Oxon -
"null'
tenuit terr" (has
no land in Oxfordshire). King
Richard II's party was opposed by Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Buckingham
and Gloucester, lord of Brecon and Richard fitzAlan, earl of Arundel.
A third party was led by John of Gaunt who was accused by a
Carmelite friar of attempting to kill the king so to get him out of the
way he was allowed to go to Spain in 1385 to fight for his cause. Soon
Woodstock's party, called the Lords Appellant, was at loggerheads with the
king's supporters. Richard
was forced to dismiss his Chancellor and Treasurer; Michael de la Pole,
earl of Suffolk was impeached and fined 20,000 marks but de Vere escaped. A commission was formed in 1386 which included Edmund, earl
of Cambridge, duke of York, the king's uncle.
Robert de Vere then repudiated his wife (Woodstock's niece and
daughter of Enguerrand de Coucy by the Queen's daughter Isabella) to marry
Agnes Lancecrona, one of the Queen's Bohemian ladies-in-waiting. He
also caused the king to offend John Mowbray, the earl of Nottingham who
joined the opposition as did Gaunt's son, Henry, earl of Derby. A
civil war soon in progress with the opposition led by Woodstock, Arundel
and Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick.
They charged the archbishop of York, Alexander Neville, de Vere, de
la Pole and Brembre of treason. Michael
de la Pole fled to Calais, was brought back but escaped and fled to France
so did Neville. Tresillian
hid in London and de Vere tried to raise an army in Chester, met the enemy
at Radcot bridge but realising he was outnumbered, fled and died in
Louvain in 1395. The
king was imprisoned in the Tower at Christmas 1388.
Tresillian, Brembre, Sir Simon Burley, Sir James Berners, Sir John
Salisbury and Sir John Beauchamp were executed and Archbishop Neville was
sent to the See of St. Andrews, Scotland.
The Lords Apellant ruled for a year in the king's name and Richard
became reconciled to them in 1389. Gaunt
returned from Spain after marrying his daughter Katherine to Henry of
Trastamara's grandson and was paid 600,000 gold francs for resigning his
claim. Richard gave him the
county palatinate of Lancaster, the title of duke of both Lancaster and
Aquitaine and allowed him to marry his mistress Katherine Roet, widow of
Sir Hugh Swynford, legitimising their children, the Beauforts. In
1394 Richard went to Ireland to put down an uprising but returned the
following year because of trouble with the Lollards. Meanwhile
the king's former opponents were stirring up fresh trouble which led to a
Yorkshire uprising in 1394 shortly before Queen Anne's death. A second marriage was arranged for the king with Isabella,
the 6 year old daughter of Charles VI of France which took place on
4.11.1395 at the church of St. Nicholas, Calais. Woodstock
criticised Richard's policy in Guyenne and tried to recruit others into a
conspiracy to imprison the king and his uncles, Gaunt and Edmund of
Cambridge and York but many declined, only Arundel and Warwick supported
him. The plot was betrayed by
John Mowbray and Richard invited Arundel, Gloucester and Warwick to dine.
Arundel excused himself and retired to Reigate, Gloucester pleaded
illness; only Warwick turned up and was arrested.
Arundel was forced to surrender and Woodstock, arrested at Pleshey,
was imprisoned at Calais. On
5.9.1397 Richard, surrounded by a bodyguard of 4,000 Cheshire archers
wearing his badge of the "White
Hart" went to Parliament. Arundel
was tried and executed at Tower Hill, Woodstock died under arrested,
murdered by John Mowbray at Calais. Thomas
Beauchamp, earl of Warwick, confessed, was deprived of his possessions and
sentenced to life imprisonment. On
28.1.1398 Parliament granted the customs on wool, wool fells and leather
to the king for life. Richard
rewarded his followers with new honours - his cousins, Henry Plantagenet
of Lancaster, earl of Derby and Edward Plantagenet, duke of York and
Rutland were made Dukes of Hereford and Aumale, his half-brother, Thomas
Holland, Duke of Kent was made Duke of Surrey, his nephew John Holland,
earl of Huntingdon was made duke of Exeter, Thomas Mowbray, earl of
Nottingham was given the dukedom of Norfolk, John Beaufort, earl of
Somerset was made Marquis of Dorset, Thomas Despencer (married to
Constance Plantagenet of York) was made earl of Gloucester, Ralph Neville
of Raby (married to Joan Beaufort), created earl of Westmorland, Sir
William Scrope became earl of Wiltshire and Sir Thomas Percy, earl of
Worcester.
They were known as the Dukelings but not so hated as Sir
John Bushy, Sir Henry Green and Sir William Bagot called the
"bush", the "green"
and the "bag". Thomas
Mowbray and Henry of Lancaster fell out over a plot against the king and
were banished. Richard's
extravagance and taxation caused discontent and in March 1399 he seized
the Lancastrian estates when John of Gaunt died. The
king's lieutenant, Roger Mortimer, earl of March, was slain by the Irish
in 1398 so Richard went in person to Ireland in 1399 to avenge him,
leaving the Duke of York as regent, but this campaign was a failure. While he was still in Ireland, news arrived that Henry of
Lancaster had landed at Ravenspur, Yorkshire.
The nobles flocked to his banner including Richard's erstwhile
followers Ralph Neville of Raby, earl of Westmorland, his brother Thomas
Neville, lord Furnivall, Thomas Percy, earl of Worcester and his brother
Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland. Fig.
59 - Furnivall, Neville & Talbot Thomas
Neville >: (a)
Joan Neville = Sir Hugh Cokesay (b)
Maud Neville = John Talbot, 1st earl of Shrewsbury, 2nd son of Richard,
baron
Talbot. Both the
Talbots and the Cokesays were ancestors of the Winters of Huddington. The
Duke of York tried to resist but failed, Scrope, Bushy and Green were
killed. Richard returned from
Ireland and John Montague, earl of Salisbury tried to raise troops in the
Welsh Marches but failed, Richard was not successful either so he fled to
join Salisbury, disguised as a friar.
With only 16 followers he wandered from castle to castle until he
was captured by Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland and taken to Henry of
Lancaster who imprisoned him in the Tower where he signed a deed of
abdication on 29.9.1399. Although
the Mortimers, earls of March had a better claim to the throne, Henry
Bolingbroke of Lancaster was crowned as Henry IV at the Feast of the
Translation of St. Edward the Confessor in 1399 and promised to root out
heresy so began persecuting the Lollands, burning them at the stake at
Smithfield and a Statute "de
haeretico comburendo" (the burning of heretics)
drawn up on 10.3.1401. The
king deprived Aumale, Surrey, Exeter, Dorset and Gloucester of their
titles and lands acquired since 1397.
Richard was moved by night, disguised as a forester, to Leeds
Castle, Kent then to Pickering, Knaresborough and finally to Pontefract
where Hugh Swynford the younger (Katherine Roet's son by her first
husband) was castellan. Richard's
followers, led by the his half-brother, Thomas Holland, duke of Kent and
John Montague, earl of Salisbury plotted against Henry IV who escaped with
his children. The two earls
fled westwards into Wales but were taken prisoner at Cirencester and
executed. Thomas Despencer
fled to Cardiff from where he tried to sail to France but the sailors
brought him back to Bristol where the mob killed him. John
Holland, earl of Huntingdon escaped from London but fell into the hands of
the king's mother-in-law, the Countess of Hereford (Henry IV had married
Mary de Bohun) who gave into the mob at Essex.
He was beheaded at Pleshey with an unidentified Thomas Winter and
their heads were displayed on London Bridge. Sir
Thomas Blunt, Sir Ralph Lumley and Sir Bennet Giles, knights were beheaded
at Oxford. Richard died
mysteriously soon after and was buried at Langley. "Names
of the mayors and viscounts in London in the reign of King Henry IV who
was crowned at the Feast of the Translation of St. Edward, King called the
Confessor in 1399. First year
- Thomas Knolles, William
Walden, William Hyde. In
this same year ther was a rysing off certeyn erles and lordes.
And as they wolde hae passed into Walys there was takyn and
byheeded at Surcestre (Cirencester) the Erle of Kent and the Erle off
Sylysbury (Salisbury). And at
Oxford weren byheeded Sir Thomas Blunt and Sir Rauffe Lumley and Sir Benet
Gyles, knytes. And Sir John
Holond, erle off Huntingdon and Thomas
Wynter, squyre, byheeded at Plasse (Plessey) in Essex and ther heedes
weren sette upon London Brigge. And
also this same yere the kyng roode into Scotland. And the warre byganne in Walys by Oweyn off Glyndore"
(Owen Glendwr). There
was trouble again in Scotland so Henry marched on Edinburgh and the
English archers subsequently routed the Scots. In
Wales a quarrel between Reginald, Lord Gray of Ruthin and Owen Glyndwr (a
descendant of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth) led to a revolt by the latter in
Richard's favour. Glendwr
captured the earl of March's uncle Edmund Mortimer (who subsequently
married Glendwr's daughter), became a rebel and declared Mortimer's nephew
(descended from Lionel Plantagenet, duke of Clarence) to be the true heir
to the throne. The
earl of Northumberland's son, Henry Percy "Hotspur"
(Mortimer's brother-in-law) had quarrelled with the Henry IV, defected
to Richard's followers and was soon joined by his uncle, Thomas Percy,
earl of Worcester. The rebels
issued an indictment against Henry on the grounds that he had usurped the
throne, starved Richard to death and ignored the prior claim of the earl
of March. Henry
marched to meet Hotspur at Shrewsbury on 21.7.1403 and a bitter fight
ensued as the rebels had the Cheshire archers on their side but in the end
Hotspur was defeated by the king and his son.
Hotspur fell in battle and Thomas Percy and others were executed. Glyndwr's son was captured at Usk by the English on March
1405. There
were troubles in the English possessions in Guyenne and Calais so the
French (following their usual strategy of diverting attention) sent troops
to help Owain Glyndw and also problems in Brittany which Henry tried to
solve by marrying Joan of Navarre, duchess of Brittany as his second wife
but she was expelled by the Bretons. Constance
of York, former Duchess of Gloucester, was caught trying to smuggle out
the young Mortimer boys imprisoned in Windsor and was sent to Kenilworth,
the young John Mowbray, earl of Nottingham and Archbishop Arundel were
implicated so was Constance's brother, the duke of York who was sent to
Pevensey. The
earl of Northumberland, Archbishop Scrope and the earl of Nottingham
rebelled shortly after but were persuaded by the king's son John
Planagenet and the earl of Westmorland to lay down their arms.
Sir William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of the King's Bench refused to
try them so an informal court presided over by the earl of Arundel and Sir
Thomas Beaufort tried Archbishop Richard Scrope, Nottingham and 2 knights
at Bishopthorpe near York and they were beheaded. In
1409 Glyndwr's second son died in battle and Edmund Mortimer was killed
when Aberystwyth castle was captured by the English and his wife (Glyndwr's
daughter), her mother Margaret Hanmer and Mortimer's children were taken
prisoner. Glyndwr remained a
fugitive till he died in 1415. Northumberland
and Bardolf made a last stand invading England from Scotland where they
had fled but they were both killed in battle.
The Scottish heir, James, on his way to France was captured by the
English who kept him prisoner. Henry
IV died on 20.3.1413 and his son Henry V succeeded.
He had Richard's body brought from Langley to Westminster Abbey,
John Mowbray, brother and heir of Nottingham was made earl marshal, Henry
Percy was given the earldom of Northumberland and John Holland that of
Huntingdon; the earl of March was released and given back his lands. There
was another Lollard rising under Sir John Oldcastle and subsequent
executions though Oldcastle himself escaped. Henry
V renewed the English claim to the French throne and preparations were
made for war. Meanwhile
another rebellion occurred, led by the Duke of York's brother Richard,
earl of Cambridge (married to the sister of Edmund Mortimer, earl of
March). Henry, lord Scrope of
Masham (Archbishop Scrope's kinsman) and Sir Thomas Grey of Heaton were
all executed in 1415 after the failure of the plot. Leaving
his brother John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford as regent in England (until
1419 when his brother Gloucester took his place), Henry with 2,000
men-at-arms and 6,000 archers, landed at the mouth of the Seine near
Harfleur on 11.8.1425, marched on the town on the 17th and besieged it,
using cannon for the first time. A
triumphant Henry entered Harfleur on 27.9.1415. Dysentry
killed the Bishop of Norwich, Michael de la Pole, 2nd earl of Suffolk and
Thomas duke of Clarence (Henry's brother) had to return to England because
of illness. Only 6,000 troops
remained to follow the king to Calais. After
capturing Harfluer, Henry challenged the Dauphin to personal combat,
offering if he won, to allow Charles VI to reign until his death on
condition the crown then passed to the English king.
He conveniently forgot that if Edward III's claim to the French
throne was legal, the real king of France was the Earl of March. Henry
stayed in Harfleur for a fortnight and the marched to Abbeville, passing
through Eu. He found the
bridge over the Somme was broken and was told by a Gascon prisoner that
the ford at Blanchetaque was heavily guarded so he marched up the left
bank of the river and found another ford near Nesle.
He went through Peronne and reached Maisoncelles on 24.10.1415. On
25.10.1415 (St. Crispin's and St. Crispinian's Day) the two armies met at
Agincourt (Azincourt,
dept., Pas-de-Calais, 12 km north west of St. Pol) where the
English archers again helped to win a great victory.
The French were massacred and Henry ordered that prisoners be
killed. Humphrey, Duke of
Gloucester was wounded, Edward, Duke of York and Michael de la Pole, 3rd
earl of Suffolk both died. Amongst
those who fought at Agincourt were Ebull, Hamond & Leouard Straunge,
John & William Trussell & Thomas Wynter. [Family
Chronicle - The Agincourt Honour Roll (S-Z)]. Henry
V went to England on 23.11.1415 but returned to France on 1.8.1417 to
conquer Normandy. He captured
Toques, Caen, Bayeux, Bellême and La Marche then Domfront and the
Cotentin and finally entered Rouen on 19.1.1419. Hostilities
continued and the Burgundian faction joining the English but the Duke of
Burgundy was killed by a favourite of the Dauphin. The
mad king Charles VI was induced to sign a treaty in May 1420 and on
21.5.1420 Henry was married to Katherine of Valois, Charles VI's daughter
by Isabelle of Bavaria. It
was an unfortunate marriage as it brought madness into the English royal
family from which Henry VI suffered. The
war continued and James of Scotland was brought to France as a hostage as
the Scots had sent troops to help the French.
Henry returned to England on 2.2.1421. The
Lollards had taken advantage of the king's absence to renew their
activities but Oldcastle was finally captured and executed in 1419.
In 1440 Richard Wyche, the Lollard mayor of Deptford was burned at
Tower Hill. Many
of those who fought in the Hundred Years' War enriched themselves with
booty plundered in France. One
of them was John Winter who
held the bastide of Castell Mayet (Mayet, a canton in the dept. of Sarthe
and arrondissemente of La Flèche), near Le Mans, south of Sir John
Fastolf's castle of Sille-le-Guillaume (canton, dept Sarthe,
arrondissement le Mans). The
remains of Castell Mayet were incorporated into a new building which still
exists. A
medieval insurance scheme survives from 12.7.1421, made in the church of
St. Martin's, Harfleur by the two esquires, John Winter and Nicholas
Molyneaux, the king's Chambre des Comptes at Rouen who both served under
Sir John Fastolf, Grand Master of the Regent Bedford's Household. The
two partners "wishing to
augment the love and fraternity already growing between them",
swore to become brothers-in-arms "loyal
one to the other without any dissimulation or fraud".
If one partner was taken prisoner "which
God forbid", the
other had to pay his ransom if it did not exceed 6,000 saluts (£1,000 in
gold). If it was more, the
free partner had to give himself up as hostage for 8 or 9 months, so that
the prisoner could return to England to raise the balance.
The arrangements would be made at their mutual expense and if they
were both taken prisoner, one was to remain a hostage whilst the other
raised the cash. They
would "share all
profits which by God's grace they should gain" and send
it to St. Thomas Acon's chapel in Cheapside, London to be held in a coffer
to which they each had a key "in
which coffer shall be kept such gold, silver and plate, each or both of
them may wish to keep, to purchase lands in the realm of England."
When they returned, everything would be divided between them.
Whoever returned home first would invest their money.
When they married and settled in England, their joint property
would be divided equally between each of them.
If only one survived, he would have to sell everything and "nourish
his comrade's children", pay for their schooling and divide
amongst them, an annuity for life of £20.
If both partners died leaving no heirs, everything would be sold to
endow masses for their souls and those of their parents.
In 1436 (when the war was going badly for Henry VI), they were
still sending money back to England to buy manors in South London and the
Boar's Head Inn at Southwark, which Winter managed and which was sold on
his death in 1445 to Sir John Fastolf. Records
survive of the lands they purchased.
One was Knolles or Knowles manor in the Brixton Hundred of
Camberwell which "in the
reign of Henry VI (1434) John Browe, sone of Robert Browe, County of
Roteland (Rutland) released to John
Wynter and Nicholas Molyneaux, right of lands formerly belonging to
Robert Knolles and David Byckley in the parishes of Camerwell
(Camberwell),
Lamhithe (Lambeth) and Stratham (Streatham)". There
was also a manor called Berningham's or Knolle's and Waldgrave's in East
Barsham, Norfolk of which John de Bermingham was lord of the fee. He and his son Walter were living in 1303 (31 Edward I).
It came to Sir Robert Knolles who, in 1402 (3 Henry IV), held a fee
there of the king "in capite"
when it became known as Knolles' manor.
On 24.1.1419 (6 Henry V) John Hunt (who held it from Robert Knolles),
enfeoffed John Drew and Henry Says, clerks, William Shelton and Edmund
Winter esquires - the latter enfeoffed William Hunt and his heirs. Edmund
Winter, John Fastolf, William Paston (the lord Chief Justice), Brian
Stapleton Simon Felbrigge and others were members of the Guild of St.
George at Norwich. This
may mean there was some connection between the families of Winter of
Gloucester, Wych and Barningham Winter.
John Winter was a kinsman of Roger Winter of Wych as they are
mentioned together in connection with lands bought in Dulwich and
Camberwell (then in Surrey). John
was not Roger's father (John mentions his eldest son John in his Will) but
may have been Roger's younger brother or younger son.
He was not Roger's eldest son as neither he nor any of his sons
inherited any land in Wych or Huddington. After
the death of John Winter in 1445 in the reign of Henry VI, Roger Winter of
County Worcester, John Cotford and Richard Baker conveyed in 1449, their
rights of the Manor of Leverhurst or Lefhurst in "Lambshithe"
(Lambeth) in the Brixton Hundred of Lambeth to John Stanley, Nicholas
Molyneaux, John Basset and Adam Levelond.
The conveyance was confirmed to Nicholas Molyneaux in 1453 and his
son William Molyneaux quitclaimed it in 1471.
Roger also released the rights to Camberwell and "Dylwyche" (Dulwich)
in 1449. There
was litigation in 1449 between Molyneaux and Thomas Coberley over the
manor of Bermondsey, a tenement with appurtenances in the lordship of
Kennington and a tenement called the "Boreshede"
(Boar's
Head) in St. Mary Magdalen, Southwark.
Nicholas Molyneaux paid Thomas Coberly 64 marks for the manor of
Knolles and also had to give the arbiter William Laken 100 marks of value
in plate to the use of the White Friars, Fleet Street for the monks to
pray for the soul of John Winter. The
sign of their inn was a boar's head with an lemon in its mouth and it was
one of two of the same name found in London.
It stood between Nos. 25 and 26 of the old Southwark Borough High
Street, immediately opposite the church of St. Mary Overie and north of
St. Thomas' Hospital. It was
situated next to another site included in the frontage of St. Thomas' and
was cleared away in 1830 for the London Bridge approaches and the railway
station was built over its site. John
Stow in "Survey of London"
describes the Boar's Head and other stewhouses which were strictly
controlled: "Borough
of Southwarke and Bridge Ward Without - next on this banke was sometime
the bordello or stews, a place so called of certain stewhouses privileged
there for the repair of incontinent men to the like women of which
privilege I have read thus - in
a parliament at Westminster 8 Henry II, it was ordained by the Commons and
confirmed by the king and lord, that divers constitutions for ever should
be kept within the lordship or franchise, according to the old custom that
had been there used time out of mind amongst the which these following
were some viz: That
noe stewholder or his wife should let or stay any single woman, to go and
come freely at all times when they listed. No
stewholder to keep any woman to board, but she to board abroad at her
pleasure. To
take no more for the woman's chamber in the week than 14 pence. Not
to keep open his doors upon the holidays. Not
to keep any single woman in his house on the holidays, but the bailiff to
see them voided out of the lordship. No
single woman to be kept against her will that would leave her sin. No
stewholders to receive any woman of religion or any man's wife. No
single woman to take money to lie with any man, but she lie with him all
night till the morrow. No
man to be drawn or enticed into any stewhouse. The
constables, bailiffs and others, every week to search every stewhouse. No
stewholder to keep any woman that hath the perilous infirmity of burning,
not to sell bread, ale, flesh, fish, wood, coal or any victuals etc. These
and many more orders were to be observed upon great pain and punishment. I
have also seen divers patents of confirmation, namely one dated 1345 (19
Edward III). Also I find,
that in the 4 of Richard III that these houses, belonging to William
Walworth when mayor of London, were farmed by froes (fraus) of Fflaunders
(for English people disdayned to be baudes, Froes of Fflaunders were women
for that purpose) and spoyled by Walter Tighler (Tyler) and other rebells
of Kent: notwithstanding I find the ordinances for the same place and
houses were again confirmed in the reign of Henry VI (1506) to be
continued as before. In
the year 1506, the 21st of Henry VII, the said the stewhouses in Southwark
were for a season inhibited and the dores closed up but it was not long
ere the houses were set to open again, so many as were permitted for
whereas before were 18 houses, from thenceforth were appointed to be used
but 12. These allowed
stewhouses had signes on their frontes towards the Thames, not hanged out
but painted on the walles as the Boare's
Head, the Cross Keys, the Gunn, the Castle, the Crane, The Cardinal's
Hat, the Bell and the Swann. I
have heard that these single women were forbidden the rites of the church
so long as they continued that sinful life and were excluded from
Christian burial if they were not reconciled before their death.
And therefore there was a plot of ground called the Single Woman's
churchyard appointed for them far from the parish church. In
the year of Christ 1546, the 37th of Henry VII, this row of stews in
Southwarke was put down by the king's commandment, which was proclaimed by
sound of trumpet no more to be privileged and used as a common brothel but
the inhabitants of the same to keep good and honest rule as in other
places of this realm." The
inn (owned by Winter and then Fastolf) which Stow describes was the Boar's
Head of Shakespeare's time where the earls of Oxford and Worcester's
players acted. It was
situated almost halfway between the City end of the old bridge and the
Southwark end, overlooking St. Michael's Crooked Lane and the Flemish and
parish cemetery (east of the inn) - the statue of William IV is near the
site. The
other was at Eastcheap during the reign of Richard II and stood between
Small Alley and St. Michael's Lane, overlooking St. Michael's churchyard
at the rear. This was the inn
frequented by Henry V when Prince of Wales.
It was destroyed in the Great Fire (1668) and rebuilt within two
years. The Fire Court Calendar of Judgements and Decrees appointed
to determine differences between landlords and tenants as to rebuilding
after the Great Fire records the case of the Boars Head, Old Fish Street,
Cheapside: No:
A399 (BM 5066-93): 20.12.1667 - Justice Tyrill, Baron Turner, Justice
Morton. Mary Thrale, widow v.
Edmond Dixon. The
petition stated that the petitioner who had a life interest in two
messuages heretofore a tavern called the Boreshead in Old Fish Street (+) and cellars belonging to the same
called Peter Key, leased the same on 22.12.1664 to the defendant for 99
years if she should so long live at £20 p.a., that the defendant
purchased the reversion in the same of persons unknown to the petitioner,
and that he refused to pay rent or to rebuild. The
defendant appeared on summons and the petitioner was present with Mr
Unicum her counsel. The
petitioner was disinclined to rebuild and as the defendant had purchased
the reversion the Court declined that it was fit that he should rebuild
and that the petitioner should abate the rent as encouragement.
The Court decreed that Dixon should build another house or tavern
or other tenements to his best advantage, that he should pay to the
petitioner rent for 2 months up to the time of the Fire, be discharged of
rent from that time till Xmas 1667 and pay a rent of £15 p.a. from Lady
Day 1668 for the residue of the term, and that the petitioner should
deliver to Dixon a lease made by her to Edward Gifford. (+)
part of Knightrider Street, E.C 4, Faringdon Ward Within, Westcheap,
Cheapside. "This
street (Exchange Street) beginneth by West Cheape in the north and runneth
down south to Knightriders Street; that part there of which is called Old
Fish Street. In this part of the said Knightriders Street is a fish
market kept and therefore called Old Fish Street for a difference from New
Fish Street. In this Old Fish
Street is one row of small houses, placed along in the midst of
Knightriders Street, which now is also Breadstreet Ward.
These houses, now possessed by fishmongers were at the time but
moveable boards or stalls. set out on market-days, to show their fish
there to be sold, but procuring license to set up sheds, they grew to
shops, and by little and little to tall houses, of three or four stories
in height, and now are called Fish Street.
Walter Turke, fishmonger, mayor 1349, had two shops in Old Fish
Street, over against St. Nicholas church; the one rented 5 shillings the
year, the other 4 shillings. On
the east side of this Old Fish Street Hill, is one great house now let out
for rent, which house sometimes was one of its halls, pertaining to the
Company of Fishmongers, at such time as they had 6 hallmotes or meeting
places; namely, two in Bridge Street or New Fish Street; 2 in Old Fish
Street where of this was one; and 2 in Stockfishmonger Row, or Thames
Street, as appeareth by a record, the 22nd of Richard II (1399)."
("Survey of London"
-
John Stow) There
was also a Boar's Head Inn in Carmarthen (where Walter Winter the
archdeacon settled). The
boar's head was a Christmas dish because Yuletide (winter solstice) was
the feast of Freyr, Scandinavian god of peace and plenty when a boar was
sacrificed in his honour. The
Boar's Head was the cognisance of the Scottish family of Gordon of Huntley
(Catherine Gordon of Huntley was wife of Perkin Warbeck, the Yorkist
Pretender) and the Boar of Richard III of the House of York. John
Winter's Will dated 1445 (32 Luffenham) directed that he should be buried "at
White Friars of London afore the altar of Saint Katherine". "Then
was the White Friars' church called "Fratres Beatae Mariae de Monte
Carmeli" first founded by Sir Richard Gray, knight, ancestor to the
Lord Gray of Codnor, in the year 1241.
King Edward I gave to the prior and brethren of that house a plot
of land in Fleet Street, whereupon to build their house which was since
re-edified or new built, by Hugh Courtney, earl of Devonshire about the
year 1350, the 24th of Edward III. John
Lutken, mayor of London and the commonalty of the city, granted a lane
called Crockers Lane reaching from Fleet Street to the Thames, to build
the west end of that church. Sir
Robert Knoles, knight was a great builder there also in the reign of
Richard II and of Henry IV, he deceased at his manor of Scone Thorpe (Scunthorpe)
in Norffolke, in the year 1407 and was brought to London and honourably
buried by the Lady Constance his wife, in the body of the said White
Friars; church which he had newly built.
In the old choir were buried -----
John Winter".
("Survey of London"
- John Stow). He
made bequests to White Friars (Fleet
Street) for a daily Mass at this altar, using vestments and plate,
his own gifts. He
also left money to the Church of Lambeth and wood
"in the cold winter to poor men of Lambeth parish". He
left to his eldest son John property once belonging to Thomas Walters of
Carmarthen, his youngest son was also named John.
The manor of Stockwell was to descend to his eldest son and other
land in Southwark and Surrey. He
also bequeathed to his son William
"£20 to be paid of the revenue of the place that was William Gwyn's". In
1449 John Audley and Clement Bishop released to John Stanley, Nicholas
Molyneaux, John Basket and Adam Levelord, all their rights in the manor by
feoffment of Roger Winter and John Cofford.
A place there was called "le
Checker." John
Winter (who bought Stockwell in Lambeth) founded the chantry in Lambeth
Church in 1457, being the gift of the lords of Stockwell manor. He sold Stockwell to Nicholas Molyneaux whose son William
Molyneaux inherited. Roger
Winter of Co. Worcester released the rights in 27th Henry VI - 1449.
(claus
27 Henry VI, p. unica dors). The
Court Rolls of manor of Dulwich, November 1433 records "Johannis
Waryn juratus est in decennam ad hunc visum. Johannes Winter,
Nicholas Molyneaux, Rogerus Winter
et Adam Lynelord dant domine die fine pro secta sue respectuando usque
festum Sancti Michaelis proxime futurum vjd".
(They paid a fine of 5 shillings at Michaelmas). The
family of Molyneaux seems to have been connected with the Winters as far
as back as 1391-4 for Roger Winter (d.
1397), vicar and patron of Sefton (who held Walton of the Honour of
Lancaster in the West Derby Hundred), was a feoffee of Richard de
Molyneaux. An
inquisition dated 25 Edward I (1297) shows that Ric(ard)us de Molyneaux
held Sefton in Lancaster of Edmund Plantagenet of Lancaster. Under
Edward IV and Richard III, the Molyneauxs (possibly grandchildren of John)
held land in Gloucestershire as the following inquisitions show: 6
Edward IV (1467) No. 17 -
Robertus Molyneaux, armiger, in Gloucestershire Chepyng
Campden "demiatas
manerii"
(a
moiety or half-share). 13
Edward IV (1483-4) No. 18 -
Joh(ann)es Molyneaux, armiger in Gloucestershire - Cheping
Camden "medietas manerii extent 4 mess(uages) ibm vocat" (moiety
of a manor with 4 messuages called) Huntfee; in Staffordshire - Pirrehalle
in Pirre et Barr Parva 5 messua(ges). Sutton in Colevil (Sutton Coldfield)
maner membr, Honnisworth "terrae"
etc; in Shropshire Lynches "3tas pars manerii" (3
parts of the manor), Mudle maner membr. 2
Richard III (1485) No. 43 Joh(annes) Molyneaux in Gloucestershire: Chipping
Campden, "medietas
manerii",
Huntafee
"in
domin' de"
Chepying Caumpden (of the
lordship of Chipping Campden) quator mess(uages) &c. Chipping
Campden, capital of the Cotswolds, lying between the Vales of Evesham and
Gloucester and the valleys of the rivers Stour and Avon, was a principal
wool market in the 14th century. In
the church of St. Mary, Campden lie buried William Greville (d. 1401)
called "the flower of
merchants", Sir Baptist Hicks, 1st Viscount Campden,
mercer of Cheapside, his son-in-law Sir Edward Noel, 2nd
Viscount Campden (d. 1642) and his wife Juliana (d. 1644), daughter of Sir
Baptist Hicks and Thomas Smith, lord of the manor of Campden (d. 1593) who
married (as her second husband) Catherine Throgmorton, widow of Robert
Winter of Huddington. John
Winter, described as a former soldier in France, was one of the young men
employed by Sir John Fastolf for collecting debts in France and was
harrassed even when dying for unpaid debts. In
his Will dated 1459 Fastolf wrote: "whereof
I remembre me well that oon John
Wyntir, Esquyer, late my servaunt, hadde in kepying a blanke letter in
parchemyn ensealyd ondyr my seal and never delyvered it me ageyn, but
seyde he hadde lost it at hyse confection, as wryting ondyr hise owyn
hande maketh mencyon or he deyde." On
his return to England in 17 Henry VI (1459), Fastolf appointed John Winter
as steward of Castlecombe (Fastolf was lord from 1409-1459 by right of his
wife Millicent Tiptoft) and William Botoner of Bristol (William of
Worcester) as his supervisor. Castlecombe,
an important wool centre about 4 miles from Dyrham on the
Gloucester-Wiltshire borders, produced a special red wool called "castlecombe"
used for military uniforms. Richard
Thurgrin (possible ancestor of the Winters who may have been father of
Joan, wife of Thomas Huddington) was seneschal or steward of Castlecombe
in 1390-1 during the reign of Richard II (1371-99).
Richard Thurgrin's inquisition dated 20 Richard II (1391) No. 52
states: Worcester
"nulla tenuit terras feu tenements in comitatu" (he
had no land or tenements in Worcester). In
1439 John Green, parson of Castlecombe, was fined by John Winter for
cutting an ash tree and thorns: "Pro fine facto cum Johane Grene rectore de Castel Combe par dictum Johannem Wynter assesum contra agre cimetum dicti rectoris ex animo non bene disposito pro succisiones uniun fraxini arboris in parco ibidem cum certa quantitave spinbrum ut allegitur per ipsum occupararem as xx m(ar)cas et dictus Johanne Grene asservit dictum arborem fraxini sibi fuit per John Kyrtling nuper receptorum et supervisorem de Castel Combe appreciatur ad vj.d. vel ij.s. pront dictus est. Finis sibi imponitur per prefaetum Johannes Wynter prosecutus fuit in lege et sic solvit domino in vita sua per manus William Brewer clerici ad tunc receptoris domini x m(ar)cas et post obitum dicti Grene xx. li.. requir; ad curiam tentam xiij die Martii xvijo Regis". |