The DNA Results:

	Marker & DYS #
Individual	1 393	2 390	3 19/394	4 391	5 385a	6 385b	7 426	8 388	9 439	10 389-1	11 392	12 389-2	13 458	14 459a	15 459b	16 455	17 454	18 447	19 437	20 448	21 449	22 464a	23 464b	24 464c	25 464d	26 460	27 GATA H4	28 YCA IIa	29 YCA IIb	30 456	31 607	32 576	33 570	34 CDYa	35 CDYb	36 442	37 434
.
Descended from Francis Parrott, Calvert Co., Maryland, mid 1600's.
35989	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	27
Descended from Lawrence Parrott, Gloucester/Northumberland, Virginia, late 1600's.
24380	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	22	16	20	26	12	14	15	15	11	9	19	21	15	14	18	20	36	37	12	10
35190	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	28
49732	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	22	16	20	26	12	14	15	16	11	9	19	21	15	14	17	20	36	36	12	10
25338	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	29	15	8	9	8	11	22	16	20	27	12	14	15	16	11	9	19	21	15	14	17	19	36	36	12	10
31108	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	28
31382	12	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	10	12	11	28
Descended from Benjamin Parrott » Abner (d ~1797, Rockingham Co., North Carolina).
62527	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	28
116383	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	22	16	20	26	12	14	15	16	11	9	19	21	15	14	17	20	35	36	12	10
66397	13	22	14	10	13	14	11	14	11	12	11	28	15	8	9	8	11	22	16	20	26	12	14	15	16

About the Parrotts tested:

Family synopsis:

The I1 haplogroup has two types-- an Anglo-Saxon type, and a Nordic type, the latter predominating in Scandinavia. The various Y-DNA marker values indicate this group of Parrotts is ethnically Anglo-Saxon. This identification is further strenghthened by having a value of 12 for DYS462. Three main branches of this family have been identified thus far, and all 3 are in the US. Two family founders appear in the US in the early 1690's. Francis Parrott appears in Chowan District, Albemarle Co., North Carolina. At the same time, a Lawrence Parrott appears in Gloucester Co., Virginia. The DNA of their respective descendants proves Francis and Lawrence were related to each other. The exact nature of their relationship cannot be determined based on DNA alone. There is nothing to validate claims that Francis of Chowan was related to the Francis Parrott who had appeared earlier in Maryland. Instead, both might have been descended from a Lawrence Parrott for whom John Singleton claimed a headright in Maryland in 1662. The diagram below gives the pedigrees for the members whose DNA has been tested. Dashed lines indicate a suspected relationship; solid lines are a confirmed relationship:

The 3 Family Branches:

Lawrence of Northumberland	Francis of Chowan	Benjamin of Rockingham
First definite ancestor is Lawrence, who died in 1746 in Northumberland Co., VA. He is thought to have originated in Gloucester Co., where another Lawrence received 137 acres in Kingston Parish on 26 September 1678 (Bk 6, p 660).	First definite ancestor is Francis. He appears in the Chowan Precinct of Albemarle Co., NC, in 1691, when he witnessed the will of Francis Hartley, Esq.	First definite ancestor is Benjamin. He is recorded in Guilford (later Rockingham) Co., North Carolina first on 18 August 1778 when he obtained a land grant for 500 acres on both sides of Wolf Island Creek. This grant is part of the land which Benjamin Parrott, Sr. sold to Abner (his son?) on 9 May 1789.
Primary current locations: Virginia Kentucky DC, FL, IN, IL TX, & WA	Primary current locations: North Carolina South Carolina	Primary current locations: Tennessee Mississippi Texas Michigan Georgia?
Additional web sites: Lawrence Parrott & his descendants in VA, KY & beyond (& their Hughlett forebears)	Additional web sites: Background information & wills Francis Parrott & his descendants in the Carolinas and beyond Parrott The Parrott Lineage The PARROTT Family Arendell Parrott Academy	Additional web sites: Benjamin Parrott & his descendants in the South & beyond

Mutation Rate:

The rate at which Y-chromosome markers change in humans is about 0.2% on the average, but can vary greatly between families. Based on the information available for the descendants of the the second Lawrence Parrott in the diagram above, the rate at which markers change for this family is 0.42%. If the elder Lawrence and Francis Sr. are assumed to be brothers, the rate of change increases slightly, at 0.58%. What this means is that for this Parrott family, one of the 12 markers in the test can be expected to change every 18-24 births of a male child. Mutation rates were calculated as described by Kerchner, 2005. For the descendants of Lawrence Jr: Number of individuals tested = 6 Unique Transmission Events (= generations) = 40 Unique Mutation Events = 2 For the descendants of Francis Sr and Lawrence Sr: Assume they were brothers Number of individuals tested = 7 Unique Transmission Events (= generations) = 52 Unique Mutation Events = 3

About Haplogroup I:

Y chromosomes from different geographic areas (haplogroups) are recognizable by their combination of markers. I1. Haplogroup I, with all its branches and subbranches, accounts for about 16% of all European Y chromosomes. See the current ISOGG tree for the latest classificaton of I haplogroups. It shows the I haplogroup branches currently known to exist. The labels on the branches (e.g., M253, P38) refer to the SNP (i.e., mutation) used to define all members of that haplogroup branch. I1b types are primarily found in the Balkans. The branches on this tree continue to be refined as more test results become available.

SNP testing reveals this Parrott family is positive for P19 and M170 (which confirms they belong to haplogroup I) and positive for P40, which places them on the branch for I1, and being negative for M227, M21, and M72 further identifies the group as I1, and not one of its subbrances.

The map at right shows the distribution of the I1 (formerly I1a) branch of haplogroup I, and its subbranches today. It is particularly common in western Scandinavia, where up to 40% of the population is I-- of these, 90-100% are I1. This haplogroup would most likely have been common within Viking populations, as well as those of their Anglo-Saxon ancestors. There appears to be some difference between Anglo-Saxon and Nordic I1a Y-chromosomes, with the Parrott DNA more closely matching the former.

Bibliography Hamilton, G. 2005. Distribution of Repeat Values at Various STR Sites for Haplogroup I1a Jobling MA and C Tyler-Smith. 2003. The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age. Nat Rev Genet 4:598-612. Kerchner, C. 2005. An Overview and Discussion of Various DNA Mutation Rates and DNA Haplotype Mutation Rates Nordtvedt, K. 2005. Population Varieties within Y-Haplogroup I and their Extended Modal Haplotypes. Rootsi S, C Magri, T Kivisild, et al. 2004. Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup I reveals distinct domains of prehistoric gene flow. Am J Hum Genet 75:128-137. Semino O, G Passarino, PJ Oefner, et al. 2000. The genetic legacy of paleolithic Homo sapiens in extant Europeans: A Y chromosome perspective. Science 290:1155-1159. For more information, see the FamilyTree DNA explanation page, or contact the Group Administrator.