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Of the Nolans (Nola)


Origins of the Irish and Scottish: Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe) and Dál Riada (Dál Riata)

R1b1b2a2g (R1b1b2h*) (R1b1c10) - DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17: A Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe) Ossory (Osraighe) and Dál Riada (Dál Riata) Uladh Haplotype in Co. Donegal, Ulster, Ireland, 1600s.
Send Me A Song - Lisa Kelly - Celtic Woman.















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FAMILY TREE DNA - NOLAN SURNAME PROJECT

KERCHNER'S R1b1c10 (U152+) PROJECT

4 July 2008 Update:


News: The EthnoAncestry announcement on Easter 2008 defines SNP marker, S116 or rs34276300, characterized as a subgroup of R1b, which includes M222 (Northwest Irish - (R1b1c7) R1b1b2e) and S28, U152, R1b1c10 or R1b1b2h*. This new subclade of R1b “has very interesting implications for the deep origins of the Irish” meaning R1b1b2e (R1b1c7) and R1b1b2h (R1b1c10) share a common ancient historical heritage. (A) Haplogroup R1b1b2a or R1b1c1, R1b1b2b or R1b1c2, R1b1b2h1 or R1b1c3, R1b1b2c or R1b1c4, R1b1b2h2 or R1b1c5, R1b1b2d or R1b1c6, R1b1b2e or R1b1c7, R1b1b2f or R1b1c8, R1b1b2h or R1b1c10, and roughly 90% of R1b1b2 or R1b1c* share an A+ at rs34276300.


INTRODUCTION

In June 2006, Bennett Greenspan, President of Family Tree DNA, of Houston, Texas hypothesized that DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 was uncommon for R1b males, and that Y-DNA results at those values would result in genetic relationships. Analysis of these values in R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b males suggests that 2006 hypothesis is valid and that relationships for most R1b1c 385a and 385b males at 11 and 17 result in a Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe) Ossory (Osraighe) and Dál Riada (Dál Riata) Uladh Haplotype in Co. Donegal, Ulster, Ireland, 1600s.

29 June 2006

“The 11,17 at 385a/b is not common for R1b males and is distinctive enough that it acts to tie them together."

"For example only 105 men in our entire database share an 11,17, which 882 share an 11,16 and 5445 share an 11,15, and 22704 has an 11,14 so you can see how rare it is…” (1)


24 July 2007

"The # is now 138, but our opt in matching system only approves that people who are an exact match or -1 (for 12) or -2 (for 25) can be shown to each other so I don’t have a legal permission to display, carte blanche, all of those samples for any research project, but I do think that a relationship at some level is highly likely." (2)


Prevailing evidence places the founding of R1b1b2 (R1b1c) DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 14. Generational mutations then occur in the Y-DNA values at DYS #385a and 385b to 11 and 15, 11 and 16, and 11 and 17. R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 17, therefore, probably mutated from 11 and 16. An R1b1c 11 and 17 male at DYS #385a and 385b can either inherit those values from an 11 and 17 male or inherit the mutation from an 11 and 16 male. Other mutation events may occur, however, genetic science cannot quantify non-observable random mutation events that move forward then backward or mutate more than one-step. The one-step mutation model is the simplest and most plausible mutation pattern for R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b.

Explained another way, the attached R1b1b2h (R1b1c10) DYS #385a and 385b Mutation Chart Example displays those R1b1b2 (R1b1c) DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 14 results that did not inherit the 11 and 15 mutation, and, therefore, have not mutated to the higher value of 11 and 15. Those R1b1b2 results at DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 15 that did not inherit the 11 and 16 mutation, and, therefore have not mutated to the higher value of 11 and 16 are also shown. Each subsequent mutation event leaves some Y-DNA results at the lower marker level. Accordingly, those R1b1b2 results at DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 16 that did not inherit the 11 and 17 mutation have not mutated to the higher value of 11 and 17. And those R1b1b2 results at DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 that did not inherit the 11 and 18 mutation have not mutated to the higher value of 11 and 18, and so on. That is not to say that these lower marker values will not eventually mutate to the higher marker values.

Evidence presented in this study of O’Hullachain (O’Nolan), O'Cobhthaigh (O'Coffey), and O'hAodha (O'Hea) or Egan at R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 17 supports the contention that these Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe) surnames inherited these values or inherited the mutation from 11 and 16. Further analysis suggests this process also relates to R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 18. That is that an R1b1c 11 and 18 male either inherits those values or inherits the mutation from 11 and 17. Consequently, the R1b1c O’Driscoll at 11 and 18 in the O'Driscoll Erainn study either inherited those values or inherited the mutation from 11 and 17.

The ancestors of the R1b1c O’Driscoll at 11 and 18 must have then gone through this generational mutation process from 11 and 14, 11 and 15, 11 and 16, 11 and 17, to 11 and 18. R1b1c of 11 and 18 at DYS #385a and 385b, therefore, represents a direct lineage of its 11 and 14 ancestors. O’Driscoll was the ruling clan of the Corca Laoidhe. Surnames of the Corca Laoidhe, O’Hullachain (O’Nolan), O'Cobhthaigh (O'Coffey), and O'hAodha (O'Hea) or Egan, at R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17, therefore, exhibit a genetic relationship characterized as descendants of the ruling clan of the Corca Laoidhe, which has now mutated to 11 and 18.

Analysis of 17447, O'Driscoll, with the 20-marker modal of this research exhibits a genetic distance of two. A genetic distance of two also exists between 17447, O'Driscoll, DJN6U, Coffee, and R1bSTR43 meaning a probable relationship. 17447, O'Driscoll, is a genetic distance of one with 4NQV7, Fabbri, of Italy, at 11 and 18, three with S28, N-4, Nolen, R1b1c10, 5GGTH, Hagan, N2F3B, Hagan, YNXPB, Hagan, 60381, Windham, 61401, Windham, SKS4A, Jones, N8963, Zimmerman, and N25640, Zimmerman meaning a possible genetic relationship exists.

17447, O'Driscoll, exhibits a possible relationship with the Italian and German results from this research suggesting a Central European (Germanic) origin for this unique population. Available data suggests that genetic relationships exist between N-4, R1b1c10 (R1b1b2h*) S28+ or U152 (Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught of Ireland) and other Corca Laoidhe septs at R1b1c DYS marker values 385a and 385b of 11 and 17. Data provided in this study also suggest genetic relationships between those R1b1c surnames at DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 17 and those R1b1c surnames at DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 18. These marker values are indicative of an Irish heritage for most participants of this study. These unique markers indicate Irish habitation for at least two millennia or more originating from central Europe, northern Spain or southern France prior to Irish migration. Analysis of R1b1b2h (R1b1c10) S28+ or U152+ at marker value DYS #492 at 14 further establishes a continental European origin for Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught and DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 17 from data provided at Kerchner's R1b1c10 (U152+) Project and Y-Search. Another key value for this group is DYS #448 at 19. Of all the participants’ 95170 Fore stands out as the lone DYS #448 at 20 compared to the Leinster Modal group at DYS #448 at 18.

European LGM Refugium

The results of this study indicate that R1b1c10 (R1b1b2h*) S28+ or U152+, depending on its relative age, possibly migrated from the Central Italian refugium after the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) spreading throughout Europe with R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 representing a direct mutational link to its 11 and 14 ancestors, however, the Franco - Cantabrian refugium and the Balkans refugium cannot be discounted. Perhaps, if not within the Central Italian refugium it migrated from the east (Scythia), to the Near East then to Italy remaining in the territory of Nola of ancient Italy until the Bronze Age when an eruption at Mount Vesuvius caused thousands of Nolans (people from the territory of Nola) to flee recorded in footprints preserved in the volcanic ash. Thousands of human and animal footprints in a common north-northwest migration suggest a rapid large-scale evacuation from the devastation zone. Y-Search lists B92H6, Sangiacomo, at DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 17 and DYS #492 at 14 Country of Origin as Naples, Italy while Kerchner's R1b1b2h (U152+) Project: Southern Europe U152+ lists N48945, R1b1b2h, at DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 14 as having Italian heritage south of Naples in Salandra and Kit #88899, R1b1b2h, at DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 16 in Campobasso, Italy due north of Avellino. These R1b1b2h participants may indicate descendancy from the group of Nolans who attempted to resettle in the devastation zone and remain in the surrounding vicinity of the territory of Nola.

Naples and Nola Italy

DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 18


DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		DYS
449 		DYS
464a 		DYS
464b 		DYS
464c 		DYS
464d 		DYS
460 		DYS
GATA H4 		DYS
YCA -- a 		DYS
YCA -- b 		DYS
456 		DYS
607 		DYS
576 		DYS
570 		DYS
CDY a 		DYS
CDY b 		DYS
442 		DYS
438 		ID #
13 24 14 10 11 18 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 24 15 19 30 15 15 17 17 11 12 19 23 16 15 18 17 36 40 12 12 17447 O'Driscoll Co. Cork, Ireland R1b1c
13 24 14 10 11 18 12 12 12 14 13 30 4NQV7 Fabbri - Italy R1b1
13 24 14 10 11 18 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 9 11 11 25 15 19 29 14 15 17 17 11 11 19 23 15 15 17 15 38 38 11 13 4CE7U Cover (Kober) - Pennsylvania, USA or Germany R1b
13 24 14 11 11 18 12 12 12 13 13 29 557SV Schorr - Ludwigsstadt, Germany

DYS #385a and 385b of 11 and 19


DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		DYS
449 		DYS
464a 		DYS
464b 		DYS
464c 		DYS
464d 		DYS
460 		DYS
GATA H4 		DYS
YCA -- a 		DYS
YCA -- b 		DYS
456 		DYS
607 		DYS
576 		DYS
570 		DYS
CDY a 		DYS
CDY b 		DYS
442 		DYS
438 		DYS
531 		DYS
578 		DYS
395S1a 		DYS
395S1b 		DYS
590 		DYS
537 		DYS
641 		DYS
472 		DYS
406S1 		DYS
511 		DYS
425 		DYS
413a 		DYS
413b 		DYS
557 		DYS
594 		DYS
436 		DYS
490 		DYS
534 		DYS
450 		DYS
444 		DYS
481 		DYS
520 		DYS
446 		DYS
617 		DYS
568 		DYS
487 		DYS
572 		DYS
640 		DYS
492 		DYS
565 		ID #
13 24 14 11 11 19 12 12 12 13 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 14 15 17 18 11 11 19 23 15 15 17 16 39 40 12 13 12 12 13 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 23 23 16 10 12 12 14 8 22 20 12 11 13 11 11 14 11 DF7SK Corsi La Cavada, Santander, Spain - R1b1b2h
13 23 16 10 11 19 12 12 12 13 13 29 81807 Blair R1b1c - Ireland/Scotland

The O’Hullachain (O’Nolan), O'hAodha (O'Hea) or Egan, and O’hAgain, O’Hagan (Hagan) participants of this research exhibit definite relatedness in a 20-marker comparison. These surnames beginning with “O” are Irish septs of this unique haplotype. 44P3H Cameron and Rogers or MacRory are Dál Riada (Dál Riata) surnames. 81807 Blair at DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 19 is also a Scottish surname from the Scotland DNA Project. DF7SK, Corsi from La Cavada, Santander, Spain at DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 19 and DYS #492 at 14 supports a genetic relationship consistent with that of Irish Scythian Milesian ancestry.

An early tribe of the Uladh (Province of Ulster) was the Dál Riada or Dál Riata, once referred to by Romans as “Scoti” or "Scotia" from which the name Scotland may have derived. One Irish genealogy of the ancient Dál Riata refers to the Clan of Úgaine Mor and Glass mac Nuadait Argatlám as the common ancestor between the Dál Riata and the people of Laigin (Leinster), Ulaid (Ulster), Ossairgi (Osraighe or Ossory), and the Síl Cuind. This mythical figure also known as Nuadu Argatlám, Nuadu of the Silver Hand or Nudd Airgetlam, (R1b1c7) King of the Tuatha De Danann, lost a hand in battle with the Fir Bolg or Belgae (R1b1c10) and every subsequent family in Ireland is reportedly descended from the race of Nuadu.

Clan Úgaine Mor represents Irish R1b1c7. For instance, ancient Irish genealogies register Cobhtach, Caol mBreagh, the eldest son of Úgaine Mor, 66th Milesian Monarch of Ireland as the ancestor of the R1b1c7 O’Nuallains from Co. Carlow. The Clan of Úgaine Mor also represents the ancestral lineage of R1b1c7: Niall Nóigiallach - Niall of the Nine Hostages while King Colla Uais, Father of the Clans of Scotland, exiled from Ireland probably represents Haplogroup R1b1b2h* or R1b1c10.

29 March 2008

“I wanted to correct the fact that my family is 11/16 at DYS385. There is no 11/17 Leppard. That was to search for possible relatives at +/- 1 from my family's unusual 11/16. You already noted that they are progressively smaller from 11/14 so while we are not as rare as you are we are indeed rare and represent the ancestral value to your branch. That is unless there were multiple mutation events that jumped unrelated individuals to the same unusual value.”

“While there is no 11/17 Leppard now, there will be eventually as sooner or later someone in my family will migrate from 11/16 to 11/17. However, our family is S28- so we will never be R1b1c10.”

“Your ancestral was 11/16. Unless the same individual who got the S28+ mutation also got the 11/17 mutation, which is almost impossible, then you would have potential ancestors who were 11/16 with S28+ and even earlier ancestors with 11/16 and S28-. These last would have some descendants who mutated to 11/17 eventually and yet they would not be S28+.”

“I think most 11/16, 11/17, and 11/18 will be found in the same general branch of R1b1c but they may be found in separate parallel subclades of that branch.”

“I did find that the O'Sullivans and MacGillicuddy clans (which of course are related) were heavily weighted to 11/16 and 11/17 to a lesser extent meaning that there was a mutation from 16 to 17 in recent times in Ireland since the establishment of surnames. This to me suggests that 11/17 is a mutation in Ireland.” (3)


The below Windham participants represent kit numbers from Khaki Group 01 of the Windham Family DNA Project. N-3, N-4, and N-30 represent Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught. H-1, H-13, H-19, and H-34 of the Maryland and Ireland roots family represent the Hagan DNA Project. Kit number 1596 with the May surname is from Kerchner's R1b and Subclades YDNA Haplogroup Project. The Italian and German results are from the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation and the Italy DNA Project. Montalbano represents Sicily. The other represented surnames are from Y-Search, Carpenter Cousins DNA Project, Rogers FamilyTree DNA Project, Parkins and Perkins Y-DNA Study, Roberts Surname DNA Project, Griggs FamilyTree DNA Website, May Family Reconstruction Website, Reed FamilyTree DNA Website, Scottish Clans DNA Project, Germany DNA Project, Clan Egan DNA Project, Ford Family Project Website, and Ireland Heritage Y-DNA Project - North Connaught.


Fertile Crescent

MIGRATION:


Scythia - Near East - Italy - Central Europe - Spain - Ireland - Scotland

Map of Eastern Mediterranean (from Black Sea to Lybia and Egypt)

Map of Ancient Greek World (Southern Italy, Greece and Asia Minor)


ANALYSIS:


R1b1b2h* (R1b1c10): M173+ M207+ M269+ M343+ P25+ rs34276300+ (S116+) U152+ (S28+) M126- M153- M160- M18- M222- M37- M65- M73- P107- P66- SRY2627- U106- U198- S21- S26- S29-


U152+ or S28+ = R1b1b2a2g (R1b1b2h*) or R1b1c10 confirmed at FTDNA and EthnoAncestry

DYS 385a/b (Kittler) 17-11


R1b1b2a2g (R1b1b2h*) (R1b1c10) S28+ or U152+: DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 Research Study Participants.

R1b1b2a2g (R1b1b2h*) (R1b1c10) S28+ or U152+: DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 Research Study Participant Text File.


R1b1b2a2g (R1b1b2h*) or R1b1c10 DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 indicate a Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe), Ossory (Osraighe) and Dál Riada (Dál Riata) Uladh Haplotype in Co. Donegal, Ulster, Ireland, during the 1600s. This represents an Irish heritage for most participants of this study. Y-DNA cannot yet place R1b1c10 (R1b1b2h*): DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 into a specific wave of Celtic migration as shown by the myriad of Irish migration myths. Hence, we have two mythological origins for the Corca Loigde: Érainn or Goídel. Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught is of the Corca Laoidhe and that places it within the Érainn or Goidel, but pinpointing an arrival date prior to 2,500 years ago is not possible at this point. The Érainn (Fir Bolg) invaded Ireland long before the Goídel (Gaedil) or Milesians, however, it has become obvious that the differing redactions of the Milesian Legends and its use of double episodes based upon the Lebor Gabala Erren refer to the same migration of the Celtic people into Ireland: Érainn (Fir Bolg) and Goídel (Gaedil) or Milesians. Other central European Y-DNA clusters of 385a and 385b at 11 and 17 exhibit relatedness to the Corca Laoidhe. Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught of Ireland has a genetic history of Dystonia and, therefore, a central European common ancestor is probable.

Medical and genetic research into Idiopathic Torsion Dystonia (ITD) suggests “that DYT7 is a common cause for ITD in [Germany] and central Europe, that many patients are descended from a common ancestor, and that the DYT7 gene maps to a 4.4-cM subregion of 18p." (4) The video of a handcuffed disabled man with Dystonia, John Dempsey, tasered by Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Kamloops, B. C., RCMP Watch, 10 March 2008, also supports the genealogical and genetic relatedness of the O'Diomasaighe (O'Dempsey) and O'Huallachain (O'Nolan) Irish septs as shown at History of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O‘Nolan: Connaught. Dunne (O’Doinn) (O’Doyne) is also an Irish surname. The Dunn Sept of County Laois & Kildare is a prominent branch of the Ui Failghe, (Ophaley or Offaly), which branched into the O’Diomasach (O’Dempsey) and O’Dunne. An article in the 16 June 2008 edition of the Detroit News focused on Jason Dunn and his battle with early-onset childhood dystonia, which links these three Irish septs genealogically and genetically: Clann Colgcan (Cholgaín) (Ua hUallachain), Clann Máellugra (O'Dempsey), and the Uí Riacáin (O'Dunne).

For most people, Dystonia is a Y-linked inherited genetic disorder. Other factors can contribute to the onset of Dystonia; however, its primary manifestation is through paternal inheritance. Essentially, Dystonia is Y-linked except for the X-linked DYT3 gene mutation. DYT16, located at 1·2 Mb at chromosome 2q31.2, may represent linkage between Dystonia and Parkinson’s through gene mutation PRKRA. Dystonia affects approximately 3,000 men, women, and children in Ireland and at least 300,000 North Americans due to the migration influx of genetically affected family members from all European Dystonia populations into North America. A marker for the La Tene Celtic culture of Central Europe as characterized by David Faux is R1b1c10 (U152+) or S28+, which corresponds to the conclusions of this study as per the 24 April 2006 discussion of R1b1c10 (S28) - Teutonic or Ancient Celt? R1b1c10 (R1b1b2h*) 385a and 385b at 11 and 17 are of the Belgae in Belgium or the Celts in Galicia of Central Europe prior to Irish migration circa 2,500 years ago.

R1b1c10 or S28+ is approximately eighty-nine percent the age of R1b developing as a hunter-gatherer group in Europe and represents a Celtic Central European Northern Alpine cluster with the age of its development ranging from an estimated 6,541 years to the end of the last ice age or 10,000-12,000 years. This research indicates a Central European (Germanic) origin for R1b1c10 DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 in Ireland. Certainty does not exist as to which wave of migration R1b1c10 DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 in Ireland belong.

This research does not discount the possibility of the La Tene Keltoi people from Alpine Europe migrating to Ireland. This unique haplotype may represent a Germanic Celtic migration several centuries before the Common Era or descendancy through the Scythian Milesian ancestry myths of the Heremonian lineage of Ireland. It is not of Viking origin or descended through the Norse Viking warrior, Aengaba of Norway, who was at the Battle of Moytura or the First Battle of Magh Turedh, as represented in the Celtic texts of Ireland. It is also not a Norman - French Tribes of Galway haplotype. Responsible research cannot discount, out of hand, the possibility of direct migration out of Central Europe, but it was most likely Celtic sea migration that brought this unique haplotype to Ireland.

The Goidel (Gael or Féni) migrated to Ireland from northern Spain or southern France. Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught did intermarry heavily into the Norman - French Tribes of Galway, however, this unique Corca Laoidhe haplotype predates that involvement. A French S28+ lineage has an oral family history of descendancy from a Germanic speaking population and a paternal family history of mild Dystonia. Dystonia may have an undiscovered founder effect in Central Europe or Germany, and the German and Italian results of this R1b1b2h* study may in fact be S28+ (U152+).

Research posted below and at History of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught places this Irish cluster within the Iverni (Érainn) or Goídel (Gael or Féni) tribes of Southwest Ireland possibly related to the Menapii recorded in Ptolemy's Map of Ireland. There is the possibility of it being a sub-group of the Fir Bolg, Érainn, or Belgae known as the Builg from around the city of Cork in Munster identical to the Iverni or Menapii, but most notably for Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught these specific markers reference the Osraighe Region of south-central Ireland. This research also points to the Ulster Ireland counties of Donegal and Tyrone, which the Vennicnii and the Rhobogdii tribes anciently occupied. Obviously, research places these unique markers in the Ancient Uladh, Kingdom of Ulster.

Yellow denotes this studies 20-marker modal haplotype at DYS #385a and 385b.


DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		ID #
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 R1b1c10 385a-385b 11, 17 Modal Reference


Prevailing evidence suggests the founding of R1b1c DYS# 385a and 385b at 11 and 14. That would mean that most R1b1c at DYS# 385a and 385b of 11 and 17 mutated from 11 and 16 or inherited an 11 and 17 at DYS# 385a and 385b. Thus, evidence presented below of O’Hullachain (O’Nolan) descending from the only O’Driscoll at 11 and 18 is consistent with a mutation pattern from 11 and 16 to 11 and 17 and then to 11 and 18.

In general, the relatively recent advent of surnames to characterize family groups is not useful in ancient tribal comparisons. Ireland, though, is unique in that it supports ancient paternalistic relationships that are useful in these comparisons. The below Genetic Distance and Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (Generations) tables exhibit the ancient development of R1b1c10 DYS #385a and DYS #385b at 11 and 17. The unique 20-marker modal reference haplotype of these clusters undoubtedly represent a patrilineal lineage of the Gaul’s (Celt’s) residing in a broad area of Western Europe: Belgium, France, Germany, Northern Italy, parts of the Netherlands, and Western Switzerland.

Evidence suggests that Celtic origins spread across Europe from along the Danube, possibly named for the Celtic goddess Danu, through East-Central Europe, Southwest Germany and Gaul to Iberia and the Atlantic. The re-population of Europe after the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) occurred from the Iberian Peninsula refugium and the Asia Minor refugium. Also suggested is a Central Italian refugium that would help explain the migration of R1b1 to Sicily.

This particular haplotype resembles R1bSTR43, King Colla Uais, and the Scottish (Dalriadic) modal haplotype or R1bSTR47. This patrilineal lineage may have originated in Asia Minor many thousands of years in the past recorded in Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Latin America. Three participants of the Geographical Heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal Lineages in Norway exhibit an 11 and 17 at 385a and 385b. These three Y-DNA tested participants from Northern Norway have results indicating a subgroup of P except R1a tested for the 92R7-mutation defining P and not SRY10831.2 defining R1a. Haplogroup R1a characterized as occurring 10,000 years (BP) before present or before 1950 developed, much later than R1b characterized as occurring 30,000 years BP. R1a does exhibit an ancient relationship to R1b, and thus these three participants are excluded until further testing definitively establishes R1b1c.

N-4 of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught, represents Haplogroup R1b1c10. N-4, N-30, brother to N-4, and N-3 of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught, H-1, H-13, H-19, and H-34 of the Maryland and Ireland roots family at the Hagan DNA Project, Y-Search participants: 5GGTH, N2F3B, and YNXPB, and the ten Windham results from the Windham Family DNA Project appear to resemble the King Colla Uais and R1bSTR43 cluster. Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught, Khaki Group 01 of the Windham Family DNA Project, and presumably the Hagan Maryland and Irish roots family have the classification of Haplogroup R1b1c10 meaning they fall within ten percent of the western European male population and represent an Irish/Scottish branch of this haplogroup. The majority of R1b1c males are classified as R1b1c* and can thus be categorized as ht15 of Western Europe and ht35 of Eastern Europe and Asia. The R1bSTR43 cluster identified as having originated in the British Isles 6,675 years (Before Present) BP arrived in the British Isles probably from the Iberian Peninsula or central Italy.

A Brittonic Y-DNA Cluster (J. Clan Ewing, Vol. 13, No. 4, November 2007).

"Statistical analysis suggests that this cluster originated 6,675 (±1,059) years before present, which coincides with the beginning of the Neolithic Period in Britain. R1bSTR43 has wide-spread distribution throughout Europe and is not unique to the British Isles. The distribution of the R1bSTR43 cluster does not fit neatly into either Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic theories of the settlement of the British Isles. R1bSTR43, along with R1bSTR32, R1bSTR35, R1bSTR42, R1bSTR44, R1bSTR45 and R1bSTR47-Scots, all fall into the grouping (see Figure 2) that has the highest haplotype frequency near the length of the Highland Boundary Fault of Scotland as revealed in Capelli." (5)

"Kevin Campbell considers OGAP4 to be the quintessential Scottish haplotype, while OGAP2 shows diffuse distribution with a slight affinity for Ireland. At face value, it appears that OGAP2 is not of Scottish origin." (6)

"Although R1bSTR43 has widespread distribution, it shows a strong affinity for Scotland when considering only the British Isles." (7)

Stephen Colson suggests that one R1bSTR43 cluster spent a considerable amount of time in Ireland. Consequently, 9KDAF or N-4 R1b1c10, 5GGTH Hagan, N2F3B Hagan, YNXPB Hagan, 60381 Windham, and 61401 Windham are a genetic distance of two from R1bSTR43 at the 20-marker level. 17447 O'Driscoll from which O’Huallachain (O’Nolan) descends is a genetic distance of two from R1bSTR43 at the 20-marker level, and S28 is a genetic distance of one from R1bSTR43 at the 20-marker level.

There appears to be only a 133-year difference in the age estimate of R1bSTR43 and R1b1c10: 4,668 BC - 4,535 BC = 133. The age estimate for R1b1b2h (R1b1c10) is from R1b1c10 aka S28 by John McEwan. Other age estimates for R1b1b2h are 3,080-4,500 years or 103-150 generations to the most recent common ancestor, which is not necessarily the age of the mutation for U152+ (R1b1b2a2g) only the estimated age to the most recent common ancestor.



The Vennicnii of Co. Donegal are an ancient pre-Ui-Neill resident of Ulster Ireland. The root word "Veni" of the Venicones of Scotland might refer to "feni" meaning Irish, and they might have traveled from Ireland to Scotland and or England. The origin of R1bSTR43 and R1b1c10 would still be the Northern Alpine tribes of Central Europe. The movement of these Alpine Celts could be responsible for the widespread distribution of R1bSTR43 and R1b1c10. A list of Celtic Tribes in Europe at the time of the Roman Empire include the following:



The genealogy of the Sil Anmchadha of the Uí Maine records Colla Da Chrioch, brother to Colla Uais, as an ancestor of (O’Huallachain) Uallachan of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught and Colla Da Chrioch is the suggested patriarch for many surnamed lineages or clans in Ireland. Celtic influence within the territory of the Cisalpine Gaul and the migration from Celtic areas of Central and Northern Europe into Northern Italy may help explain the Italian results in this research, but other possibilities could factor into the results. The role of trade is and has always been a major influence for the movement of people around the world. Plus, the ancient territory of Belgica and Celtica bordered Germania and certainly, the Belgae and Celts intermixed with the Germanic people of that area. War has also played an important role in the movement of people throughout history.

Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (Author: [unknown]).

Annal FA 458.

914

"A great fleet of Norwegians landed at Port Láirge, and they plundered northern Osraige and brought great spoils and many cows and livestock to their ships." (8)

Y-Search participant FEZBW states Sicily as Country of Origin. Zimmerman is of 1691 Würtemberg Germany. Dittmar and Honroth are also of Germany and the remainder of the surnamed participants in this study are of an Irish heritage except perhaps Griggs and Perkins who may be English Protestants. The Nolan, Windham, and Hagan surnames represented at Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught are Ulster septs and the surnames of Cameron, Reed, and Brown are included in the Ulster Heritage DNA Project. A 28 October 2007 e-mail points out the Northwest Irish surname connections in the Faux R-U152 database of Martin, and (Doude) O'Dowd with (O'Huallachain) O'Nolan.

44P3H Cameron is a Dal Riada (Dal Riata) surname: Camshron (Cameron) as described in Tribes of the Érainn based on Clans, Families of Ireland, and Scotland: An Ethnography of the Gael A.D. 500 - 1750 by C. Thomas Cairney, Ph.D. And the Armstrong, Boyd, Bready, Browne, O’Hagan, Jones, Lieper, O’May, Perkins, Roger, M’Ready, M’Swine, (M’Swyne or Wyndham) and Redd surnames are included in the Co. Donegal Hearth Money Tax Record Rolls, 1663. Settlers in County Donegal circa 1613 include the surnames of Boyd, Brown, Ekyn or Egan, and Roger. Peter Fore II (Faure) born Manakintown, Virginia, 1719 is listed as an ancestor of Group 03 from the Ford Family Project Website while Peter Ford is listed in Irish Immigrants To 17th century Virginia, 1663. N-4 also has an exact 12-marker match, according to FTDNA, with the Eliasson or Allison/Ellison surname, which is part of the Scotland DNA Project.

The Glennon DNA Surname Project has two participants with an exact 12-marker match with DJN6U, Coffee. One Glennon participant is a 34 of 37-marker match with DJN6U, Coffee. Lennane is a recognized surname of the Glennon DNA Project. Hugh O'Lennan of Raymochy Parish is included in the Co. Donegal Hearth Money Tax Record Rolls, 1663. In addition, listed in the 1663 Co. Donegal Hearth Rolls is Kean O'Gara of Lackan while the Irish Heritage DNA Project also lists a handful of Ó Gadara (O'Gara) from Northwest Ireland and Co. Donegal at DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 further establishing the Irish heritage of these unique markers.

Most of the surnames in this study intersect in Co. Donegal, Ulster, Ireland, and, therefore, this particular haplotype represents a Co. Donegal, Ulster, Ireland heritage for most participants. Some Ulster Irish families did move to Spain during the Ulster Plantations that followed the beginning of the seventeenth century, which could help explain the Spanish and Latin American results in this study.

"The Plantation of Ulster took place under the auspices of the British crown in the period from 1607 to about 1750, and was composed mostly of yeoman families who were re-settled to all of Ulster by various Planters who entered into contracts with the crown to bring them into Ulster. The scheme of the Plantation, as originally conceived by King James I and VI when he acceded to the English throne after the death of Queen Elizabeth I, was designed in part to suppress the Reiver families which had terrorized the Anglo-Scottish border for the preceding 600 years, and in part to subdue the native gaelic Irish already resident in Ulster, by planting the Reiver Families on lands confiscated from the former Irish landlords." (9)

Excluded from this study were the Cunniff R1b1c7 result, MM9UD, the only R1b1c6 result found to date listing Country of Origin as Guatemala and Spanish as the paternal line, the three subgroup of P except R1a participants tested for the 92R7-mutation defining P, the Arens surname from France and Luxembourg, and 7JCTE, Leppard, which does not represent a real Y-DNA sample. 7JCTE, Leppard is in fact a +1 research tool for DYS #385a and 385b posted at Y-Search. The 999DR Arens France listing has missing alleles and GWE8Q Arens Luxembourg has an errant allele. In addition, the 153 matches of DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 found in the YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database worldwide population sample of 49,396 haplotypes in a set of 411 populations are not incorporated in this study due to a lack of genealogical data, but the geographic, population, and metapopulation data are listed below with DYS marker values for the North American, Latin American, and European population samples.


Y-Search


DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		DYS
449 		DYS
464a 		DYS
464b 		DYS
464c 		DYS
464d 		DYS
460 		DYS
GATA H4 		DYS
YCA -- a 		DYS
YCA -- b 		DYS
456 		DYS
607 		DYS
576 		DYS
570 		DYS
CDY a 		DYS
CDY b 		DYS
442 		DYS
438 		ID #
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 13 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 30 15 17 17 MM9UD Sierra - R1b1c6
13 0 0 10 11 17 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 17 28 999DR Arens - France
13 23 13 10 11 17 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 17 28 15 16 17 17 11 11 19 23 14 12 13 13 11 12 23 11 GWE8Q Arens Reckange-sur-Mess, Luxembourg
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 13 13 29 7JCTE Leppard R1b1c*

Ireland Heritage Y-DNA Project - North Connaught


DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		DYS
449 		DYS
464a 		DYS
464b 		DYS
464c 		DYS
464d 		DYS
460 		DYS
GATA H4 		DYS
YCA -- a 		DYS
YCA -- b 		DYS
456 		DYS
607 		DYS
576 		DYS
570 		DYS
CDY a 		DYS
CDY b 		DYS
442 		DYS
438 		ID #
13 25 14 11 11 17 12 12 11 13 14 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 18 27202 Cunniff - R1b1c7


Geographical Heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal Lineages in Norway


GHYCL P(xR1a) Northern Norway.


DYS# 393, 390, 19, 391, 385a, 385b, 426, 388, 439, 389-1, 392, 389-2.



P(xR1a)= P except R1a.


YHRD - Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database - Willuweit S, Roewer L, on behalf of the International Forensic Y Chromosome User Group (2007) Y chromosome haplotype reference database (YHRD): Update, Forensic Science International: Genetics 1(2) 83-87.


Geographic Search.


153 matches found in a worlwide population sample of 49,396 haplotypes in a set of 411 populations.


Forty-eight matches found in a European population sample of 25,745 haplotypes in a set of 196 populations.


DYS# 393, 390, 19, 391, 385a, 385b, 426, 388, 439, 389-1, 392, 389-2.



The forty-eight European YHRD results are listed as the following:



Total = Austria: 2, Denmark: 2, England-Wales: [Chinese] 2, France: 2, Germany: 7, Greece: 1, Hungary: 1, Italy: 9, Netherlands: 1, Northern Norway: 4, Northern Portugal: 1, Southern Portugal: 2, Poland: 4, Romania: 1, Russia: 2, Slovenia: 1, Spain: 3, United Kingdom: [Afro Caribbean] 2, [Indo-Pakistani] 1.


Eighty-five matches found in an Asian population sample of 11,388 haplotypes in a set of ninety-six populations.

Thirteen matches found in a Latin American population sample of 6,498 haplotypes in a set of fifty-five populations.


DYS# 393, 390, 19, 391, 385a, 385b, 426, 388, 439, 389-1, 392, 389-2.



Nine of the thirteen Latin American YHRD results have a European origin:



Five matches found in a North American population sample of 3,145 haplotypes in a set of thirty-seven populations.


DYS# 393, 390, 19, 391, 385a, 385b, 426, 388, 439, 389-1, 392, 389-2.



The five North American results are from the United States and categorized as two Asian Americans, one African American, one Hispanic American, and one European.



* DYS #426 and DYS #388 unreported. DYS #439 reported as values of -1 recorded in this study as 0.


Two matches found in an African population sample of 2,427 haplotypes in a set of twenty-two populations.


Population, Number, Metapopulation.



Population Search.


153 matches found in a worlwide population sample of 49,396 haplotypes in a set of 411 populations.


Sixty-four matches found in a Eurasian metapopulation of 33,928 haplotypes in a set of 269 populations.

Seventy-seven matches found in an East Asian metapopulation of 7,746 haplotypes in a set of fifty-six populations.

Three matches found in an African metapopulation of 3,087 haplotypes in a set of twenty-seven populations.

Nine matches found in admixed metapopulations of 2,999 haplotypes in a set of thirty-three populations.


Population, Number, Metapopulation.



The following forty-two European, Latin American, and North American results do exhibit relatedness to the participants in this study. The Latin American matches are undoubtedly of Iberian, Portuguese and Spanish heritage or a combination of Germanic migration after World War II. The European matches are most likely also Germanic having then moved into Eastern Europe: Poland and Russia.


DYS# 393, 390, 19, 391, 385a, 385b, 426, 388, 439, 389-1, 392, 389-2.



In an attempt to bring forth all relevant data, N-3, N-4, and N-30 of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught match participants of the Windham Family DNA Project Khaki Group 01 at a high probability of 98.55-99.18% at the 24-generation range or 600 years. As a general rule, a 90% or more match of compared markers at the 25-marker level or beyond 23 of 25, 33 of 37, 61 of 67 is a probable genetic cousin with a different surnamed individual. This general rule does not apply to a limited 12-marker comparison. The Windham Family DNA Project Khaki Group 01 claim descent from Norfolk, England and Edward Windham of Isle of Wight Co. Virginia through the lineage of John Wyndham who purchased Felbrigg Hall about the year 1450.

Though, a series of Nolan families existed in England, as described on Part IV of this forum, there is no existing evidence supporting an English heritage for John (Nolan) Nowlin of Isle of Wight Co. Virginia, 1643 except the Windham Family DNA Project Khaki groups claim of English descent. The illegitimate child theory of English Windham lore has merit in early Colonial Virginia, however, the illegitimate son of Mary Windham as found in the 18 June 1677 and 4 August 1680 Accomack Co. records cannot explain all the various anomalies in Windham genealogy. Evidence presented on Part II of this forum indicates an Irish connection between these two Herenagh Families of Co. Donegal represented in the Province of Connaught Ireland during the fifteenth and sixteenth century.

NOLAN - WINDHAM
PROBABILITY & TIME TO MOST RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR.

98.55% Probability of a Shared Common Ancestor within 24 Generations:

94.97% Probability of a Shared Common Ancestor within 20 Generations:

2006 minus 1597* = 409 Years.

2006 minus 1643* = 363 Years.


* 1597 - Thomas Nolan purchased Enniscrone Castle Co. Sligo.

* 1643 - John Nowlin living in Isle of Wight Co. VA.


The 33 of 37 Y-DNA marker match between N-4 (Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught) of the Nolan DNA Surname Project and Kit #56134 from the Windham Family DNA Project probably occurred between these two 1574 Galway castle owning families who were also Herenagh Families of Ulster Co. Donegal Ireland. An exact match of the first 20 markers (13, 24, 14, 10, 11, 17, 12, 12, 12, 14, 13, 30, 17, 9, 10, 11, 11, 25, 15, and 19) in the Y-DNA test of N-4 with Richard (O') Hagan also gives credence to an Ulster relationship. Ó hOgáin is also a Corca Laoidhe surname. A Windham - Nolan DNA comparison provided by John B. Windham details a 25 Y-DNA marker match between N-3 (Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught) and Kit # 18393 and a 61-62 of 67 Y-DNA marker match between Kit # 18393 and N-4. Incidentally, Kit # 18393 mismatches Richard O’Hagan by one in a 20-marker comparison. Herenagh meaning land typically converted into donated church property.

In most circumstances when individuals of different surnames closely match at a limited number of 12 markers that match will disappear with increased marker testing. Mutation rate explains the disappearance of a close match in a limited 12-marker test. As an increased number of markers are tested and compared the possibility of more mutations exist, which increases the time span of the most recent common ancestor usually beyond the period for relatedness of the earliest known use of surnames: 40 generations or 1,000 years.

When exceptions to this disappearance of relatedness persist between different surnamed individuals at the higher level of a 37 or 67-marker match then an extramarital event, non-paternity event or adoption has typically occurred. Adoption of a different surname by a branch of one family and convergence are also a possibility. Convergence meaning the mutation of each families result into a DNA match.

The O’Hagan (O hAgain in Irish, which was originally O hOgain) family also descend from Ulster, and they were hereditary stewards, sheriffs, and judges considered part of the Ui Neill. O'Hagan’s stood with Hugh O'Neill, the last of the native Irish kings, in his rebellion against England. Hugh O'Neill, in the tradition of the times, took the remnants of his fortune and sailed to Spain. The O'Hagan’s were not as fortunate, being totally dispossessed of lands and possessions in the plantations that followed Hugh O'Neill’s defeat.



The O’Hagan's (O hAgain), a sept of the Cineal Eoghain, are recorded as descendants of Fergus, son of Eoghan with the following families in Roger O'Ferrall's "Linea Antiqua": O'Colgan, O'Branagan, O'Hagin, O'Cahalan, O'Uarisg, O'Brelar, O'Hanin, O'Dovan, O'Losgny, O'Mellan, O'Conolan, O'Spellan, and O'Breonan. Fergus was also ancestor to the O'Quin's, as described in Background on the Northern Uí Neill. O'Quin later spawned the family of Wyndham-Quinn. Included in the background of the Northern Ui Neill is evidence pertaining to the O'Boyle, Mac Suibhne, and MacSweeney septs that became Wyndham of Co. Donegal. A History of the Hogan, O'Hogan, Ó hOgáin Surname reflects a separate origin in Co. Cork as a sept of the Corca Laoidhe.


Yellow denotes haplotype differences.


Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught R1b1c10 Unique 20-marker Haplotype Matches:

DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		ID #
13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 30 18 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 King Colla Uais
13 24 14 10 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 R1bSTR43

N-3 mismatches the King Colla Uais 20-marker haplotype at DYS #385b, 389-1, 389-2, and 458. N-4 mismatches the King Colla Uais 20-marker haplotype at DYS #385b, 389-1, and 458. N-30 (brother to N-4) mismatches the King Colla Uais 20-marker haplotype at DYS #385b, 389-1, 389-2, and 458. N-3, N-4, and N-30 mismatch the 20-marker haplotype of R1bSTR43 at DYS #385b, 389-1, and 389-2.

N-4 and N-30 are brothers of the same mother and father, but mutations at DYS #389-2 and 464c for N-4 with a genetic distance of two at the 25-marker level compared to N-30 leaves N-30 with a more precise genetic match with N-3 and 9ZZVM - Windham at the 25-marker level than with N-4.

DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		DYS
449 		DYS
464a 		DYS
464b 		DYS
464c 		DYS
464d 		ID #
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 15 15 17 17 N-3 - Nolen
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 15 15 15 17 N-4 - Nolen
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 15 15 17 17 N-30 - Nolen (brother to N-4)

The three below Hagan Y-DNA results from Y-Search have an exact 20-marker match with N-4 resulting in an ancient relationship prior to the introduction of surnames. N-3 and N-30 mismatch by one mutation at DYS 389-2. User ID #5GGTH lists Carrickmore, Ulster, Ireland as country of origin.

DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		ID #
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 5GGTH - Hagan
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 N2F3B - Hagan
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 30 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 YNXPB - Hagan

Three of the following Windham/Wyndham Y-Search participants claim descent from England: JCBWN, P6D2Y, and QT7HT, however, mutations at DYS 389-2 for N-4 and the Hagan surname at 30, N-3, N-30 and Windham at 31 results in an ancient Irish relationship prior to the introduction of surnames.

DYS
393 		DYS
390 		DYS
19 		DYS
391 		DYS
385a 		DYS
385b 		DYS
426 		DYS
388 		DYS
439 		DYS
389-1 		DYS
392 		DYS
389-2 		DYS
458 		DYS
459a 		DYS
459b 		DYS
455 		DYS
454 		DYS
447 		DYS
437 		DYS
448 		DYS
449 		DYS
464a 		DYS
464b 		DYS
464c 		DYS
464d 		ID #
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 JCBWN - Windham
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 28 15 15 17 17 9ZZVM - Windham
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 P6D2Y - Windham
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 QT7HT - Windham
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 29 15 15 17 17 V43N7 - Windham

Genetic Distance
IDm
o
d
a
l
C
o
l
l
a

U
a
i
s

R
1
b
R
1
b
S
T
R
4
3
N
-
3

N
o
l
e
n
N
-
4

N
o
l
e
n
N
-
3
0

N
o
l
e
n
5
G
G
T
H

H
a
g
a
n
N
2
F
3
B

H
a
g
a
n
Y
N
X
P
B

H
a
g
a
n
J
C
B
W
N

W
i
n
d
h
a
m
9
Z
Z
V
M

W
i
n
d
h
a
m
P
6
D
2
Y

W
i
n
d
h
a
m
Q
T
7
H
T

W
i
n
d
h
a
m
V
4
3
N
7

W
i
n
d
h
a
m
1 modal 203301011100000
2 Colla_Uais_R1b 320234344433333
3 R1bSTR43 322032322233333
4 N-3_Nolen 033201011100000
5 N-4_Nolen 142120100011111
6 N-30_Nolen 033012011100000
7 5GGTH_Hagan 142101200011111
8 N2F3B_Hagan 142101020011111
9 YNXPB_Hagan 142101002011111
10 JCBWN_Windham 033010111200000
11 9ZZVM_Windham 033010111020000
12 P6D2Y_Windham 033010111002000
13 QT7HT_Windham 033010111000200
14 V43N7_Windham 033010111000020
Related Probably Related Possibly Related
FTDNA's Interpreting Genetic Distance for 12 Markers
FTDNA's Interpreting Genetic Distance for 25 Markers
FTDNA's Interpreting Genetic Distance for 37 Markers
- Infinite allele mutation model is used
- Values on the diagonal indicate number of markers tested
Genetic Distance Modal ID #
13 24 14 10 11 17 12 12 12 14 13 31 17 9 10 11 11 25 15 19 Modal Reference


The below Genetic Distance Table for the 20-marker comparison clearly shows that all participants of the study have some degree of ancient relatedness prior to the use of surnames with Honroth of Germany the smallest number of matches with a possible relationship to the Italian Brach-Loieta and Grandi surname. The easiest way to look at the relationship prior to the advent of surnames is through the color code. Every participant or line has at least one color code being green, yellow, or pinkish red. Honroth of Germany has two pinkish red or possible relationship matches.

With more participants, a clearer picture of cluster relatedness will emerge, but for now, there appear to be several groupings of individuals related to each other. In the below Genetic Distance Table at the 20-marker level, a grouping or cluster is clearly visible from the Nolen surname down to the Vaughan surname with the next fifteen participants having a possible relationship with N-4 of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught and the Hagan surname. The next cluster of participants is becoming visible at the table center beginning with the Rodgers surname down to the Roberts surname. And a third cluster or color coded square has formed at bottom right.

Certainly, to be sure, genetic transference occurred between the Co. Donegal Native Irish, Hagan, Nolan, Windham (MacSuibhne, McSwyne, and MacSwine), families and the newly arrived Scottish and English Protestants during the Ulster Plantations, however, most of the surnames in this study have a King Colla Uais (Clan Colla) or Scottish (Dalriadic) origin: MacRory or Rogers of Clan Colla and MacBradaigh or MacBrady of the Dalriada. The questions are at what ancient point did some of these Co. Donegal families meet genetically and where?

For example, Kit #35429 R1b1c from the Italy DNA Project has a 100% probability of a match with R1bSTR43 within a 1,680 year time span and a 100% probability of a genetic match with N-4 of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught within a time span of 1,860 years on the beyond 20-marker comparison. Research places Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught within the Irish Kingdom of Osraighe (Ossory) during this historical period. And the following description of a flourishing Osraighe kingdom in the second century of the Common Era could help explain the genetic match together with a flow of people and trade circa the year 140.

“The ancient Kingdom of Osraige, whose first king was Aengus Osrithe, flourished in the second century of the Christian era. In the fifth century the neighbouring tribe of the Deisi, aided by the Corca Laighde, conquered South Ossory, and for over a century, the Corca Laighde chiefs ruled in place of the dispossessed Ossory chiefs. Early in the seventh century the ancient chiefs recovered much of their lost possessions, the foreigners were overcome, and the descendants of Aengus ruled once more. One of the greatest was Carroll, prominent in the ninth century and distinguished in the Danish wars.” (10)


Co. Kilkenny, Ireland: History & Timeline of Events.

100 A. D. - The Osraighe, a group of Munster people known as the Erainn, establish a semi-independent state within the territory of Laigin (Leinster) in the present County Kilkenny. “Kilkenny County forms much of what was known as the kingdom of Ossory. Kilkenny became one of the counties of Leinster in 1210.” (11)

460 A. D. - The neighbouring tribe of the Deisi [Erainn], [from Waterford], aided by the Corca Laighde, [from Cork], conquer South Ossory, and for over a century, the Corca-Laighde chiefs rule in place of the dispossessed Ossory chiefs.


The above timeline of events for Co. Kilkenny supports the existence of this genetic match through the movement of people and trade. Taken in consideration with the fact that Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan has a recorded merchant history in Galway Ireland the genetic match with Kit #35429 from the Italy DNA Project is plausible.


1473 - “23. Monuments and Inscriptions. 1. “The tomb of the ancient family of O'Nolan, of Loughboy, [Co. Kilkenny] is situate in the centre of the [Franciscan Friary] churchyard [in Galway] and bears the following inscription: - "This tomb was first erected in the year of Our Lord 1394, by the O'Nolan's of Loughboy, and is now rebuilt and ornamented by Michael O'Nolan, merchant Galway, one of the representatives of said family." (12) A terrible conflagration took place in Galway in June 1473, by which the town was nearly destroyed.

“There is much debate as to the periods of Celtic invasion and more and more the research in both linguistics and archeology continue to push the dates of Celtic occupation further and further back. The Celts and peoples that existed before pre-Celtic times traded with Ireland along the mid Atlantic trade routes for millennia and the Celtic invasions themselves are believed to have occurred along both the mid-Atlantic route and across the English channel.” (13)

To conclude the analysis, most participants at R1b1c DYS# 385a and 385b at 11 and 17 exhibit ancient relatedness and have a Celtic or Irish heritage. This theory based on the results from this study indicate that R1b1c DYS# 385a and 385b at 11 and 16 exhibits an ancient Celtic Irish relationship to R1b1c DYS# 385a and 385b at 11 and 17. Therefore, the relatedness of R1b1c DYS# 385a and 385b at 11 and 17 and R1b1c DYS# 385a and 385b at 11 and 18 is possible and included in R1b1c10 (R1b1b2h) DYS #385a and 385b Mutation Chart Example for evaluation.


FTDNA Mutation Rate.

For instance, O'Huallachain (O'Nolan), O'Cobhthaigh (O'Coffey), and O'hAodha (O'Hea) or Egan descend from the Corca Laoighdhe as do O'Driscoll. And below is the only R1b1c DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 18 in the O'Driscoll Erainn study.


Corca Laoighdhe