(?) Whistler was also known as (?) Jolowasna. (?) was born at Lakota Territory in 1833.
1,2,3 He lived circa 1870 at Medicine, near present Stockville; Whistler and his band of Cut-off Oglalas had their permanent village on the Medicine, near present Stockville. He married
Little Old Woman (?) circa 1872.
3 (?) Whistler was war in June, 1873; "In June 1873, the Pawnee chiefs began petitioning their new Quaker agent, William Burgess, for permission to leave on their summer hunt, requesting that John Williamson accompany them as trail agent, Williamson, 23, was an employee at the Genoa agency, but he was not familiar with life on the buffalo range as had been Texas Jack.
In the letter of instruction dated July 2nd, Burgess wrote that Williamson was "not to interfere with their regular or customary modes of conducting their hunting operations," but that "you are authorized to give them such counsel as the circumstances in your judgment shall dictate and use all precaution to guard against any incursions by their enemies."
It was probably unfortunate that Williamson was given the assignment, for, though he was popular with the Pawnee, he was new to the frontier and his suggestions were not highly regarded by them. Perhaps this was the reason that the Pawnee favored his appointment over that of Texas Jack. They resented the close supervision of their Quaker agent, and it is likely they knew Williamson would not force his opinions upon them.
Sky Chief, described as one of the ablest Pawnee chiefs, aided by Sun Chief and Fighting Bear, was selected as leader of the hunt, in charge of the 250 men, 100 women, and 50 children. Just prior to the battle, Sky Chief's reputation and known ability would win out over Williamson's inexperience and common sense, bringing disaster to the Pawnee.
The Pawnee left their reservation on July 3rd, crossing over from the Loop to the Platte, which they then followed as far as Plum Creek (Lexington), before crossing over to the Republican, which they reached at a point near Arapahoe. Near Burton's Bend (Holbrook), they crossed the river and on across the divide to the Beaver. It was here that scouts sent back word that a large buffalo herd was feeding on the divide between the Beaver and the Prairie Dog.
Fifty years later, Williamson described that first hunt for the Trenton Republican Leader: "Among white men the announcement that buffaloes had been sighted would have created excitement and confusion. If the Pawnee were excited, it was not apparent from any outward sign. There was no confusion, no haste. At the command of the chief…the hunters formed in the shape of the letter V. At the point rode one of the scouts with a spear decorated with colored feathers. There was no noise, no disorder…Suddenly the feathers disappeared. That was the signal that the hunt was on. With military precision that V-shaped formation straightened out and 350 Indians swept down into the valley into that herd."
For three weeks the Pawnee hunted on the Prairie Dog and Beaver creeks in Nebraska and Kansas, during which time they made several successful surrounds. Then on August 4th they crossed over to the Republican and spent the night somewhere in the vicinity of Trenton. Three white hunters visited the camp that night and warned Williamson that a large number of Sioux were in the region, and they had been spying upon the Pawnee.
Previously, other hide hunters had given the same warning, but Williamson had doubted their word. Buffalo were becoming scarce in the region, and the Indians were resented by the professionals, so it was thought that they were only trying to frighten the Pawnee from the region. On that night , however, one of the hunters was a young man about Williamson's age, and Williamson was so impressed with his sincerity, that he repeated the warning to Sky Chief. In reply, the chief called Williamson "a squaw and a coward."
But the hide hunters were not lying. The Cut-off band of Sioux under Sub-Agent Nick Janis were on the Upper Frenchman, while a party of Brule with Sub-Agent Stephen F. Estes were on the Stinking Water. The latter had but recently arrived in the area, for on July 26th, Estes had wired the commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington, from Julesburg, requesting that the military be ordered to supply his band with a few rations, while on their buffalo hunt. Apparently the Indians were restless, for Estes hoped that the rations would "go far toward keeping them satisfied and contented." It is not know that the request was approved, but, if it was denied, perhaps it played a part in riling the Brule.
The order of events at the Sioux camps is not easily traced, but it appears that the Cut-off band, was the first to discover the Pawnee, and the first to decide to attack. The day afte the battle, Janis wrote: "Little Wound (a chief) came to me and asked if I had any orders to keep him from going to fight them. I told them I had not. He said he had orders not to go to their reservations or among the whites to fight them but none in regard to this part of the country."
Preparing for the attack, the Oglala rode to the Brule camp on the Stinking Water, inciting them to join in against the Pawnee. Also writing the day after the battle, Estes said, "I used every effort to induce the Indians under my charge to make peace with the Pawnees… but the young men would listen to nothing."
On August 28th, after having read the letter Janis wrote on the 5th, Estes stated, "My failure to avert the attack…was due in a great measure to the ignorance and bad advice given by Sub-agent Janis to the Indians under his charge…leaving Little Wound impressed with the idea that he had a perfect right to make war upon the Pawnees."
On Tuesday morning, August 5, 1873, the Pawnee packed their gear and started up the draw which is now Massacre Canyon. Feeding buffalo, perhaps camouflaged Sioux horses, were sighted out on the divide, and the Pawnee men left the women and the pack horses to make their way alone.
The Sioux attack was sudden. The first wave of warriors suddenly appeared on the rim of the canyon, and, while the Pawnee warriors rushed back to defend them, the women and children huddled in fear. Just before leaving the reservation, L.B. Platt of Baltimore, related to a prominent agency family, had requested and received permission to attend the hunt. Under a white flag, Williamson and young Platt rode out to treat with the Sioux, but after being fired upon they retreated to the canyon. Some of the warriors, including the great Sky Chief, were killed out on the divide, although during the first hour the Pawnee were able to hold their own, for the Sioux numbered only about one hundred warriors.
Until then only a few Pawnee had been killed, but then the Sioux were re-enforced, and all sources agree that the Sioux then numbered about one thousand warriors, against the two hundred and fifty of the Pawnee, who had their women and children to defend as well as themselves. The canyon was narrow and the banks were low; the Pawnee panicked. The Sioux were on both banks, and they could easily fire down into the Pawnee without danger of hitting their own on the opposite banks. Discarding all their possession, the Pawnee attempted to flee down the canyon, and, because of the terrain, there was little the Pawnee could do to protect the women and children.
Plains Indians seldom fought out-and-out battles, attaining their glory by making lightning raids, stealing horses and killing a few of the enemy. It is likely that the Sioux were as amazed by their great success as were the Pawnee, for the Sioux ceased their pursuit before the main body of Pawnee reached the mouth of the canyon. While the Pawnee fled down the canyon and then down the valley of the Republican, the Sioux halted and vent their fury upon the dead and wounded Pawnee. Pawnee possessions were piled and put to the torch. Bodies, sometimes still breathing, were thrown into the flames, while the wounded squaws were raped; children were brutally killed. The Brule took four prisoners and the Cut-off seven, all later returned.
Recently discovered military documents disproved the old theory that the Sioux fled because of the arrival of the U.S. Calvary; rather, it seems, they returned to their camps, because they considered the raid at an end.
Captain Charles Meinhold in command, Lt. Lawson, Surgeon Powell, and forty-seven enlisted men of Co. B, U.S. 3rd Cavalry, guided by Leon Palladie, left Fort McPherson on July 30th, on a routine scout of the Republican valley. On the morning of the 5th, they were near the mouth of the Blackwood, when the first of the Pawnee refugees galloped up to the command and informed them of the massacre. They wanted Meinhold to lead them back against the Sioux, but the captain wisely refused their request, knowing that if the Sioux were as many as reported his small command would be unable to defend the Pawnee.
After conferring with Williamson, one of the last to retreat, Meinhold directed the Pawnee down the valley to Red Willow, while he led his command to the canyon, as described by Surgeon Powell. Williamson and young Platt had become separated during the retreat, but Platt accompanied the cavalry to the battlefield, while Williamson went downstream with the Pawnee. Platt had been captured, disarmed, and then freed, after having had his hand shaken and been told to go to the settlement at Culbertson. The military saw no sign of the Sioux, numbered the Pawnee dead at fifty-seven, and returned to the mouth of the Frenchman, where they camped for the night. On a scout the following day, they failed to discover the Sioux camps, believing they had fled back north of the Platte, though the Sioux remained on the Frenchman and Stinking Water for several days.
Besides those killed on the battlefield, several died later. A census taken at the Pawnee Agency in September, according Agent Burgess, showed that twenty men, thirty-nine women, and ten children had been killed, while the eleven prisoners were returned through the efforts of Stephen Estes.
Two weeks after the battle, Janis, the nearest thing to a villain in this story, submitted a bill of $42.50 to the Pawnee Agent, representing it as his expense for the return and care of the Pawnee captives. As far as is known the bill was not paid, while evidence shows that Estes played the major role in their return.
The Sioux casualties are not fully known. Estes said that one Brule was killed and three were mortally wounded. Janis said non of the Cut-off Band were killed, and three were mortally wounded. Janis said non of the Cut-off band were killed, though two were wounded. A few weeks later, however, Robert H. Williams, a Red Willow County settler out on a buffalo hunt, discovered six new Sioux tree burials near the mouth of the Stinking Water, and it has always been assumed that they resulted from the battle.
As soon as it was apparent that there was no danger from the Sioux, the frontiersmen of Hitchcock and Red Willow counties hiked to the battlefield and collected as much of the Pawnee leavings as they could, for the Pawnee had refused to return to the canyon to attempt any salvage. Late in August, however, Agent Burgess sent Samual C. Longshore out from the agency "to collect meat, robes, saddles and other trapping the Pawnee may have left behind." (?) was listed as Head of the Household on the Indian Census at
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Dakota Territory, USA, in 1886.
2 (?) was listed as Head of the Household on the Indian Census at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, USA, in 1896.
3