Metropolitan has a long history of worship and service that began in 1818 in what is now the commercial heart of Toronto. The first building housing the congregation was a small Methodist chapel located on nearby King Street. Membership grew, along with population, so in 1831 another site was acquired on Adelaide Street, and a Georgian- style building was opened in 1833 that could accommodate 1,000 people. In 1868 the Methodist Church purchased the present square-block property and constructed Metropolitan Wesleyan Methodist Church, which was dedicated in 1872. The building seated 2,000 and was described as Canada's "cathedral of Methodism."

The United Church of Canada was formed in 1925 by the union of Methodist and Congregational and two-thirds of the Presbyterian churches in Canada. Metropolitan Wesleyan Methodist became Metropolitan United and was chosen as the site of the first General Council of the United Church. In 1928 fire destroyed most of the church building. Determined to rebuild on the old foundation, the congregation commissioned a redesigned structure reflecting the cathedral architectural style, with a deep chancel, clerestory, and side columns, which was dedicated in 1929. In addition, Church House, with facilities for community service, was constructed as an extension of the manse on the north side of the property.

The largest organ in Canada, built by Casavant Frères in Québec, was installed in the rebuilt church and first played in 1930. The five-manual instrument has been updated and restored over the years, but the original console has been retained. In 1998 a gallery organ was added. The organ has 8,233 pipes; the largest is 32 feet high, and the smallest is the size of a pencil.

The first harmonically tuned carillon in North America of 23 bells was installed in Metropolitan's tower and first played in 1922. The tower and carillon survived the 1928 fire, and in 1960 12 bells were added. Installation of another 19 bells in 1971 brought the total to 54. The largest bell weighs 3,836 kilograms (8,456 pounds) and is 183 centimetres (72 inches) in diameter.