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     Gunhilda died after 1094.²

     Harold died after 1098.¹

     Harold II Godwinsson of England was born circa 1020.^2,3 He married Ealdgyth of England circa 1045.^4,5 He married second Edith of Mercia, daughter of Ælfgar of Mercia and Ælfgifu of Wessex, circa 1066.^4,5 Harold was slain in the battle of Hastings by the forces of William the Conqueror on 14 October 1066.^4,3,5
     

     Harold II was king of England (January 6, 1066-October 14, 1066) and last of the Saxon rulers. In 1053 Harold succeeded his father, Godwin, as Earl of Wessex, becoming chief minister to King Edward the Confessor and the most powerful man in the realm. After a revolt against Harold's brother Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, Harold banished Tostig. Upon the death of King Edward, Harold was crowned king of England. William, Duke of Normandy, immediately asserted his claim to the throne, which was supported by Tostig and Harold III of Norway. Tostig and his Norwegian ally were routed by the English forces in September 1066. William then defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. Harold was killed, and William, thereafter called The Conqueror, became ruler of England as King William I. His conquest marks the beginning of Norman England.²

     Henry was born Winchester Castle, in Winchester, Hampshire, England, on 1 October 1207.² He married Eleanor of Provence, daughter of Raymond Berenger IV of Provence and Beatrice of Savoy, the Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, England, on 14 January 1236/37.³ Henry died on 16 November 1272 in London, England, at age 65.³ He was interred in Westminster Abbey in London, England.²
     

     Henry III was a member of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. Henry ascended the throne at the age of nine, on the death of his father, King John (Lackland). William Marshal was appointed regent until his death in 1219. With the passing of Marshal, Henry became the pawn of Hubert de Burgh and Peter des Roches, two men whose self-aggrandisement and poor advice would cause Henry long reign to be regarded as weak and ineffectual. Henry assumed direct rule in 1227 but Hubert de Burgh remain chief justiciar until 1232.⁴

     In 1232 Henry commenced ruling without the aid of ministers. He displeased the barons by filling government and church offices with foreign favorites and by squandering money on Continental wars. In 1258 he was forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford, whereby he agreed to share his power with a council of barons. Henry soon repudiated his oath, however, and the struggle for power culminated in 1265 when Henry's son and heir, Edward, later King Edward I, led the royal troops to victory over the barons at Evesham. The barons agreed to a compromise with Edward, and from 1267 Edward ruled England. When Henry died, Edward succeeded him as king.⁵

     Henry of England was born circa 1258 in London, England.¹ Henry died died young in London, England.¹

     Henry II of England was born on 5 March 1132/33 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France.^2,3 He married Eleanore of Aquitaine, daughter of William VIII (X) of Poitou and Eleanor de Chatellerault, on 18 May 1152 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France.^4,3 Henry died on 6 July 1189 in Chinon Castle, Anjou, France, at age 56.^2,3,5 He was interred in Fontévrault Abbey in Saumur, Anjou, France.²
     

     Henry II was called Curtmantle because of the short capes he preferred over the longer stylish capes. He was crowned king 19 December 1154, in Westminister Abbey. He is said to have had as concubines Rosamond Clifford, Ykenai or Hikenai, Annabel Balliol, and others.

     Henry II was the first monarch of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. Born in Le Mans, France, Henry became Duke of Normandy in 1151. He claimed the English kingship through his mother, Matilda. She had been designated the heiress of Henry I but had been deprived of the succession by her cousin, Stephen of Blois. In 1153 Henry defeated Stephen's armies and compelled the king to choose him as his successor; on Stephen's death in 1154 Henry became king. In 1164 Henry became involved in a quarrel with Thomas à Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, over Henry's efforts to subject the church to his courts. In 1170 Becket was murdered by four of Henry's knights. Widespread indignation over the murder forced the king to recognize Becket as a martyr.

     Henry instituted important judicial reforms, establishing a centralized system of justice. He began the process of replacing the old trial by ordeal with modern court procedures. He was succeeded by his son Richard I, called Richard the Lion-Hearted.⁶

     Henry I of England was born in September 1068 in Selby, Yorkshire, England.² He married first Matilda of Scotland, daughter of Malcolm III Canmore of Scotland and Margaret of Scotland, in Westminster Abbey, London, England, on 11 November 1100.^3,4 He married second Adela of Louvain & Brabant, daughter of Godfrey I of Louvain & Brabant and Ida de Chiny & Namur, in Windsor, Berkshire, England, on 29 January 1121.^5,4 Henry died on 1 December 1135 in St. Denis-le-Fermont near Rouen, France, at age 67.⁴ He was interred in Reading Cathedral.⁴
     

     Henry I was the third Norman king of England and fourth son of William the Conqueror. He was called Beauclerc because of his love of learning and knowledge. Henry was born in Selby. On the death of his brother William II in 1100, Henry took advantage of the absence of another brother- Robert, who had a prior claim to the throne- to seize the royal treasury and have himself crowned king at Westminster. By defeating Robert, who was Duke of Normandy, at Tinchebray, France, in 1106, Henry also won Normandy. Henry designated his daughter Matilda as his heiress. After his death in 1135, however, Henry's nephew, Stephen of Blois, usurped the throne, plunging the country into a protracted civil war that ended with the accession of Matilda's son, Henry II, in 1154.⁶

     Henry was the first king of England to use and grant a coat of arms.

     Besides children by his wives, Henry fathered children by several concubines.

     Hunda-Steinar of England was born circa 778.² He married Alof Ragnarsdottir, daughter of Ragnar Lodbrok Sigurdsson and Aslaug Sigurdsdottir.²

     Isabel died unmarried after 1120.

     Isabella of England was born in 1214 in Winchester, Hampshire, England.² She married Frederick II of Germany, son of Henry VI of Germany and Constance of Sicily, on 20 July 1235 in Worms, Rhinehessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany.² Isabella died on 1 December 1241 in Foggia, Apulia, Italy.²

     Joan of England was born on 22 July 1210 in Coucy, Aisne, France.¹ She married Alexander II of Scotland, son of William of Scotland and Ermengarde de Beaumont, on 19 June 1221 in York Minster.¹ Joan died on 4 March 1238 in Havering-atte-Bower, Essex, England, at age 27.¹ She was interred in Tarrant Crawford Abbey in Dorset, England.²
     

     Joan was also known as Joanna.

     Joan of England was born about 1191, before 1200.¹ She married Llywelyn Fawr ap Iorweth, son of Ioworth ap Owain and Margaret, in 1205.²

     John of England was born in 1256 in London, England.¹ John died in 1256 in London, England.¹

     John I of England was born on 24 December 1167 in Beaumont Palace in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England.^2,3 He married first Isabella of Gloucester, daughter of William FitzRobert and Hawise de Beaumont, in Marlborough, Salisbury, WIltshire, England, on 29 August 1189.² His marriage to Isabella was annulled in 1200.³ He married second Isabella of Angoulême, daughter of Aymer de Taillefer and Alice de Courtenay, in Bordeaux, Gironde, France, on 24 August 1200.² John died on 19 October 1216 in Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, England, at age 48.⁴ His body was interred in Worchester Cathedral. He left his heart to Croxton Abbey.²
     

     John was King from 1199 to 1216. The following were listed as concubines of King John: Matilda Gifford, Agatha de Ferrers, Hawisa Fitzwarin, and Miss de Warren, and five other women whose names were not given.

     John, called John Lackland is best known for signing the Magna Carta. John was born in Oxford, the youngest son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. In 1189 John joined his brother, Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, in a rebellion against their father. When his brother died in 1199, John became king.

     Trying to regain French possessions that he had lost in 1204, John was decisively defeated by King Philip II of France in 1214. His reign became increasingly tyrannical as he extorted money, raised taxes, and confiscated properties to support his wars. In 1215 his barons forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which made him subject to the law. Shortly afterward John and the barons were at war. He died while still pursuing the campaign and was succeeded by his son, Henry III.⁵

     
     

     John was also known as [Sir] John of England.

     Juliana of England was born circa 1090.¹ She married Eustace of Pacy in 1103.² Juliana died circa 1136.¹
     

     Juliana had two sons and two daughters. The two daughters wer held hostage and were blinded and disfigured. Juliana later became a nun.¹

     Katherine of England was born on 25 November 1253 in London, England.¹ Katherine died Windson Castle on 3 May 1256 in London, England, at age 2.¹

     Magnus of England was killed circa 1068.¹

     Margaret of England was born on 29 September 1240 in Windsor Castle in Windsor, Berkshire, England.¹ She married Alexander III of Scotland, son of Alexander II of Scotland and Marie de Coucy, on 26 December 1251 in York, Yorkshire, England.¹ Margaret died on 26 February 1274/75 in Cupar Castle, Fife, Scotland, at age 34.¹

     Mathilda of England was born circa 1075.¹ She married Guigues VIII d'Albon, son of Guigues VII of Albon and Adelais of Turin, between 1106 and 1110.¹ Mathilda died between 1142 and 1144.¹

     Matilda of England was born on 7 February 1101/2 in London, England.^2,3 She married first Henry V of Germany, son of Henry IV of Germany and Bertha of Maurienne, in Mainz, Rheinhessen, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, on 7 January 1113/14.⁴ She married second Geoffrey V Plantagenet, son of Fulk V d'Anjou and Erembourge of Mans, in Le Mans, Sarthe, France, on 22 May 1127.³ Matilda died on 10 September 1167 in Notre Dame, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France, at age 65.³
     

     Matilda was also known as Maud.

     Matilda was christened Adelaid at birth but adopted the name Matilda on her marriage in 1114 to Henry V of Germany. Upon the death of Henry, Matilda returned to England to be acknowledged as heir to her father because of the death of her elder brothers some years earlier. Although the Barons swore their fealty they did not relish the idea of being ruled by a woman, especially one who now was married a second time to the young count of Anjou. The Angevins were longtime enemies of the Normans in Northern France and if Matilda became queen her husband, Geoffrey, would almost certainly become king, and the Normans had even less desire to be ruled by an Angevin. When Henry I died in 1135, Stephen, son of Henry's brother Stephen, claimed the thone and the Norman barons soon rallied round him. It was not until May 1138, with the rebellion of Robert of gloucester, an illgitimate son of Henry I and thus half-brother of Matilda, that Matilda's cuase gained any significant support. Matilda and Robert landed in England in September 1139. Robert escaped to Bristol and was soon joined by Matilda. For the next eight years England was in the grip of a civil war. On 2 February 1141, Stephen was defeated at Lincoln. Within a month Matilda secured the support of Henry, bishop of Winchester (Stephen's brother), which allowed her access to the royal coffers. She arrived in London a few weeks later and in April was declared "Lady of the Englsh". Although preparations were in hand for her coronation, it never happened. She quickly made herself unpopular by raising a tax on all the nobility, and proposed to revoke the status of commune which had been granted to London by Stephen and which allowed London to collect its own taxes for its own benefits. Her support dwindled and when Stephen's queen, Matilda, was able to bring her forces from Kent, with William of Ypres, "the Empress" was driven out of London in JUne. She settled in Oxford, although she spent several weeks in the complicated siege within a siege at Winchester. During this and the following affrays the Robert of Glouchester was capture and Matilda only narrowly escaped. She needed Robert as head of her forces and as a consequence she had to trade for his release with the release of Stephen from captivity in Bristol. By November Stephen had restored himself as king. A year later Matilda found herself under siege at Oxford and was able to escape from the castle by rope though an open window, and then, cloked in white as camouflage against the snow, made her way to Abingdon. Although her forces scored occasional victories in the ensuing months, it became a gradual war of attrition which fizzled out with the death of Robert of Gloucester in October 1147. Matilda returned to Normandy the following spring and never returned to England. She continued to fight for the right of succession of her son, and outlived Stephen to witness her son succeed to the throne as Henry II. Although uncrowned queen for less than a year, Matilda was the first queen of England.⁵

     Matilda was buried in the Abbey of Bec. Her remains were reinterred in 1282 before the high altar. During the revolution, her grave was destroyed. According to the Dictionary of National Biography the church and tomb was destroyed by fire in 1263. When it was restored in 1282, her remains were found, "wrapped in an ox-hide." Her new tomb was stripped of its decorations by the English in 1421. A brass plate marking her grave in 1684 was lost in 1793 and the church was demolished in 1841. In 1846, her lead coffin was re-discovered and moved to the cathedral church of Rouen. A literal translation of her epitaph reads "Here lies the daughter, wife, and parent of Henry."⁶

     Matilda of England was born circa 1064.¹ Matilda died unmarried before 1080 in Calvados, France.² Her body was interred the cathedral church in St. Mary's, Bayeux.²
     

     Matilda was betrothed first to Edwin, Earl of Chester, a Saxon noble, who was murdered, and second to Alphonso VI (the Valiant) of Leon and Castile and Gallicia.

     
     

     Matilda was also known as Maud.

     Matilda of England was born in 1086.¹ She married Routrou II of Perche, son of Geoffrey II de la Perche and Beatrice de Montdidier, in 1103.¹ Matilda died in the wreck of the White Ship on 25 November 1120.¹
     

     Matilda was also known as Maud.