Descendants of Augustus Raymond

Augustus Raymond, son of Mead Raymond (1785-1843) and Ann Chapman (1785-1830), born 27 Sep 1821 ¹ at Camberwell, London, Surrey, England, christened 4 Jan 1822 ¹ Christ Church, Southwark, London, England; died 18 Jan 1877 ⁶ Sydney, NSW, Australia, buried Old Church of England section of Rookwood Cemetery (section E, row 10).
    He married (1) on 1 Feb 1849 ¹⁰ in St. Giles Parish Church, Camberwell, Surrey, Sarah Terrey Sumerfield, christened 28 Jul 1824 ¹ Saint John the Baptist, Croydon, Surrey, England; died ca. 1850 on voyage to Australia, daughter of Thomas Benjamin Sumerfield and Sarah Terrey.
     He married (2) on 2 Jun 1856 ³ at Macleay River, NSW, Australia, Catherine Dornan née Laverty, born 1821, Ballynahinch, Magheradrool Parish, County Down, Ireland ³⁷ ; died 1 Apr 1866 Macleay River, NSW, Australia; buried Frederickton Cemetery, widow of Charles Dornan and daughter of Michael Laverty (ca. 1798-1877) and Ann Boyd (ca. 1792-1867).
    He married (3) on 19 Dec 1867 ⁴ at Pola Creek, Macleay River, Margaret Chambers née Mackay, born 1820 Aberdeen, Scotland, Chr. 1 Dec 1820 ⁵⁴ Aberdeen; died 8 Feb 1887 ⁴⁷ West Kempsey, Macleay River, NSW, Australia; buried West Kempsey Cemetery, widow of James Chambers (ca. 1811 - 1864) and daughter of Angus Mackay (1795-1894) and his first wife Jane Clark who married in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1815. No issue from first and third marriages.

  

Augustus and Catherine Raymond cemetery headstones ⁸

English Ancestry

       The early history and genealogy of the family of Augustus Raymond (1821-1877) in London is detailed on the linked web page. In the 1841 census of England he was listed aged nineteen in his father's household at Paradise Street, Rotherhithe, located on the south side of the river Thames about one and a half kilometers east of Tower Bridge, with his father Mead, his two sisters Elizabeth and Ann Dorothy (Mrs. John Gould), and two female domestic servants. ³⁰. Absent were elder brother Mead Terrey (1817-1866), who married in 1839 and was then living in Camberwell, and his mother Ann née Chapman who died eleven years earlier ³¹.
        An Australian family legend that when young in London he had worked as a boatman on the river Thames is confirmed by his occupation as given in the 1841 census and by the apprenticeship binding records of the Honourable Company of Watermen and Lightermen. The 1841 census listed his father's occupation as lighterman and his as lighterman's apprentice. Lighterman apprenticeships usually began at fourteen years of age, with the apprentice bound to their master for seven years, receiving a provisional license after two years and a full license and freedom five years later. Both Augustus and his elder brother Mead Terrey served lighterman apprenticeships under their father Mead as master. Mead Terrey was fourteen when he began his and Augustus fifteen. Thus Augustus had the benefit of one year more formal schooling than was usual. He was bound on 14 Oct 1836 at Camberwell and completed the apprenticeship on 9 March 1843 only a few months before the death of his father. Under his father's will he came into his full inheritance that same year on 27 September when he turned twenty-two : the day before the will was probated. Five weeks after receiving his full license he had an apprentice bound to himself as master on 13 Apr 1843 at Rotherhithe where the Raymond & Son business was located at ‘Raymond's Wharf’ ³³. By completing lighterman apprenticeships, and becoming ‘Tradesmen of the Thames’, the two sons were following in the footsteps of their father who was fully licensed in 1807 and their Raymond grandfather John who completed his lighterman apprenticeship in 1779.
        In a case tried at the Old Bailey in 1819, when giving evidence regarding an employee accused of stealing, his father Mead said quote - "I am in partnership with John Raymond; we are lightermen and wharfingers" (i.e. the transporters of cargo to and from ships and wharf owners or operators). However it is apparent from directory listings the partnership of Mead and his brother John was dissolved in the latter part of the 1830s, with from then each brother operating their own business, John from the Clink Street wharf and warehouse premises that the partnership operated from at the time of the 1819 court case, and Mead initially from Bargehouse Street and later from "Raymond's Wharf" situated further downstream at Rotherhithe adjoining the Thames Tunnel and only a short walk from Paradise Street where by the time of the 1841 census he resided.
        The building of bridges and roads and development of steam tugs and trains challenged the traditional role of lightermen who used barges and the tide to transport cargo to and from ships causing many to diversify to remain viable. The dissolution of the above mentioned partnership saw Mead branch out into the building and repairing of barges and boats. It would have been in that side of the business that Augustus acquired the carpentry and joinery skills he was later to employ in Australia. In so doing he was following in the footsteps of his Chapman grandfather William whose 1815 executed will gave his occupation as carpenter. In a 1841 London directory Mead was listed as a barge builder at No. 49 Rotherhithe Street and as a lighterman at 1 Bargehouse Street. In 1843 when he died the business was listed as - ‘RAYMOND, MEAD & SON, barge builders, wharfingers and lightermen, Rotherhithe Wharf, adjoining Thames Tunnel, Rotherhithe’ ³⁰. It was listed in the 1846 Post Office London Directory as - ‘RAYMOND, MEAD & CO., boat and barge builders, wharfingers and lightermen, Raymond's Wharf, 50 Rotherhithe Street, Rotherhithe’ ²⁹.
         By the 1850s the firm of Mead Raymond & Co. was no longer listed in London directories possibly indicating it had been sold outside the family and the name had changed. Thus its continuation by Augustus and his four years older brother Mead Terrey lasted for less than a decade after their father's death. Mead Terrey was last listed as having an apprentice bound to him as master on 13 Feb 1845 who completed the apprenticeship on 11 Mar 1852 ³³. However he must have been mostly out of the business by 1851 as that year's census taken on 30th March gave his occupation as ‘publisher and managing clerk’. By 1854 Mead Terrey was clearly in serious financial difficulties. Early in 1855 bankruptcy proceedings were instigated against him and his partner who were trading as W. Riddell & Co - merchants, commission agents, dealers and chapmen (a chapman was one whose business was to buy and sell goods or other things) resulting in both being declared bankrupt later that year. A point of interest is that in 1849 Mead Terry bestowed ‘Riddell’ as a second given name on a son born in June Quarter that year, suggesting his involvement with William Riddell was well established at least six years before the bankruptcy proceedings were instigated. When Mead Terry died in 1866 at 49 years of age his will probate gave his occupation as ‘accountant’ and his effects were valued at less than £100.
       When Augustus married for the second time in Australia in June 1856 the registration record gave his late father's occupation as corn factor (i.e. the middleman in corn dealings). The 1815 will of his grandfather William Chapman had corn-lighterman as the occupation of both his father Mead and uncle John (1783-1850), indicating the J & M Raymond partnership from its early years specialised in the transport and storage of that commodity (others such as coal-lightermen specialised in the transport of coal and some also became coal-factors and members of the coal exchange). In that regard the warehouses and granaries at their Clink Street premises, stated in a 1823 newspaper advertisement to have a capacity to quote ‘receive 2000 quarters of corn’, indicate during the years they were in partnership in the River Thames maritime cargo transport business that, in addition to grain storage, they may have been corn merchants. After the 1850 death of Mead's elder brother John his eldest son William carried on his father's business as a lighterman and granary keeper. Two years before William's own death the 1871 census had his occupation still as ‘granary keeper’. Indicative of the Raymonds' standing in the industry is that both uncle John and his eldest son William served terms as Master (also known as Ruler) of the Honourable Company of Waterman and Lightermen that administered the apprenticeship scheme, licensed watermen and lightermen, and generally administered and regulated the industry of the transport of cargo and passengers upon the river Thames - John in 1840 and William in 1859. From his marriage in 1849 until his death in 1891 the youngest of John's three sons, Alfred Mead, was a corn factor with offices in the city of London and membership of the Corn Exchange. However after the dissolution of the J & M Raymond partnership in the latter part of 1830s there is no evidence Augustus' father Mead had an involvement in corn storage or corn dealing let alone at any time during his life he was a corn factor. In his 1840 will and at the 1841 census Mead gave his occupation as "lighterman", indicating he regarded that as his main occupation: it being that for which he had served a seven year apprenticeship from 29 May 1800 to 16 Jul 1807 ³³.

First Marriage

         Six years after completing the lighterman apprenticeship Augustus married Sarah Terrey Sumerfield in London in February 1849. The official registration record gave his occupation as engineer. Because of his lighterman trade qualification it is presumed he was the engineer on a steam boat ¹⁰. It was thought an explanation may have been that Raymond, Mead & Company had acquired a steam tug of which he was engineer. However a search of the records of steamboat ownership for 1846 to 1848 found no record of a registration or ownership under his or his brother's name or under the names of Raymond, Mead & Co. or W. Riddell & Co ³⁹.
        The bestowing by both his father and uncle John of "Terry" as a second given name on one of their children indicates the maiden surname of Augustus' grandmother, on either his father's Raymond or mother's Chapman side, likely was Terry or Terrey. His brother Mead apparently changed the spelling of his second given name from a baptised Terry to the variant spelling of Terrey before he married in 1839. As the second given name of Augustus' wife Sarah was Terrey, being her mother's maiden surname, it seems likely she was a second cousin to Augustus - i.e. that perhaps Augustus' grandmother Ann Chapman (1748-1826), if her maiden surname was Terrey, and Sarah Terrey Sumerfield's grandfather were brother and sister - thus Augustus and his wife could have had a common "Terrey" great grandfather. At the time of the marriage in 1849 Sarah was residing in York Grove which was the same street in Camberwell where his brother Mead Terrey was recorded as residing two years later at the April 1851 census. The marriage record gave the occupation of Sarah's father Thomas Sumerfield as a ‘coal merchant’. A Sun Fire Office insurance policy on premises at Whites Row, Spitalfields, dated in December of the year Sarah was born, had as joint holders the coal dealers Thomas Benjamin Sumerfield and James Eversfield. However no person of the Sumerfield surname was listed in the 1846 Post Office London Directory. As the last four of Sarah's nine known siblings were baptised in Glamorgan in Wales, the last being in 1833, it is possible at the time of her 1849 marriage to Augustus in London her parents were still based in Wales or somewhere else other than London.

Emigration

         When Augustus married for the second time in 1856 at Macleay River in New South Wales in Australia his status was given as widower. Subsequently at his instigation a correction was made to the official registration record stating that instead of seven children there were no issue of his previous marriage. A family legend has been that his first wife died on the voyage to Australia ². There is no reason to doubt its accuracy as no church parish burial record has been identified in Australia or an official death record in England where recording began in 1837. As the death was before March 1856 when official recording began in NSW upon arrival it would have been officially reported by the ship's master only to the port authority. No record has been found of Augustus and Sarah in any of the published indexes to the March 1851 census of England suggesting the possibility they had emigrated before then. No Australian record of his arrival has been identified. That there were no issue from the marriage suggests a possible emigration in 1849 following their February marriage rather than in the 1850s when some issue might have been expected. Also favouring a soon after the 1849 marriage emigration, is that as the informant for his 1877 death registration his then nineteen year old eldest son Augustus Jr., gave thirty years in NSW as his father's period in the Australian Colonies. Thirty calculates to an 1847 arrival year and, whilst clearly an approximation, being two years earlier than the earliest possible arrival year, it at least points to a more likely 1849 or 1850 arrival rather than to one say in the mid-1850s. His death registration suggests a possible reticence by Augustus in respect of his arrival year, early history in Australia, and family history in England, as in addition to the at least two years too early arrival the informant failed to provide the name of either of his parents indicating they were unknown to him despite him having his grandfather's Mead as his own second given name!
        Augustus was not the only member of the Raymond family of Southwark to emigrate to Australia in the 19th century. Erskine Raymond (1870-1952), a grandson of Augustus' first cousin William Chapman Raymond (1814-1873), emigrated to New South Wales before 1900 where he enlisted in the NSW Citizens' Bushmen Regiment and fought in the Boer War in South Africa. He fought at the Siege of Elands River where likely he was the first of the Australian soldiers to have been wounded. He later moved to Western Australia, returned to England for a period , spent time in Thailand, and died in an RSL home in York in Western Australia in 1952 aged 82.

Occupations

        Augustus' 1856 New South Wales marriage registration record gave his occupation as carpenter and joiner. Twenty years later in 1876 when living in Sydney at Dale Street, Chippendale, he was listed in the 1876 Sydney Sands Directory as a carpenter, and his next year death registration also had carpenter as his occupation. From 1869 to 1872 he lived on his selection near Bowraville where he was listed in an 1872 Post Office Directory as a "farmer" ⁴⁰. Considered incorrect is a claim in an 1988 published Mackay family history, citing as the source an article by Alex Gaddes titled ‘The family of William and Jane Gaddes’, stating he had been an itinerant tutor who "built" a boarding school at Bowra River on the land he selected. The first school at Bowra was named Capeharrow Hill, and for a few months from its commencement in July 1872 it was located on the selection Augustus took up in 1869, however it was not as claimed a boarding school and was not conducted in a school house Augustus "built" but in a room he "lent" that was presumably located in his homestead. In a book published two years later Alex Gaddes dropped the claim it had been a boarding school but made even more extravagant, and seemingly equally incorrect claims re the identity of the first "teacher" at Bowra and the primary occupation of Augustus. He claimed the first teacher had been a Mr. Cluff who had taken over the duties of imparting some education to local children from Augustus who he claimed was an itinerant tutor from Macleay River who had divided his time between Bowra, Pola Creek, and the Wilson River south of the Macleay spending three months at each, adding he knew it because Augustus had taught the elder children of his grandparents William and Jane Gaddes ^{9, 44}.
          The only part of the Gaddes claim the compiler accepts as valid is that Augustus likely imparted basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic to some of his Gaddes' step nieces and nephews at Bowra after he moved there in 1869 before the first school was established and conducted for a few months from July 1872 on his selection. Implied is Augustus would have similarly instructed his own eldest children and step-children when living at Pola Creek and the younger ones later when a farmer at Bowra. Such would be hardly surprising, as in the absence of a school it was usual for parents who had enough ability and inclination, but were unable or unwilling to employ a governess, to teach their own children at an elementary level. The rest either makes no sense or is contradicted by official records ⁶⁰.
         Capeharrow school began as a private school on 15 July 1872. It was just situated west of Bowraville, on portion 5 in the parish of Buckra Bendinni that Augustus selected on 6 May 1869, located on the north side of the main North Arm road going up Capeharrow Hill not far past its' junction with the lower road to Buccrabendinni (note the different spelling to the parish). The name of son Samuel John appeared on the portion on a 1901 Buckra Bendinni parish map. George Robinson was the school's first teacher - not a Mr. Cluff as claimed by Alex Gaddes. After the Robinson appointment Augustus and 28 year-old stepson James Chambers Jnr. were members of a local committee of selectors who unsuccessfully sought public school status for the school. Instead on 1 Sep 1872 the school was granted provisional school status, which meant from then the NSW government took over from the parents the payment of George Robinson's salary and supplied the school books, but unlike a full public school the parents provided the building and furniture - the latter being described as ‘furniture of the roughest material’ so in that regard, although nominally a farmer, perhaps then 51 year-old Augustus made a further contribution by employing the carpentry and joinery skills acquired in the boat building and repairing side of the family business earlier in London! About the time provisional school status was granted the school relocated from the room lent by Augustus on his selection to a self-contained cottage on Daniel Brouggy's selection about a half mile closer to the township of Bowraville ⁵⁰. The public school classification, sought by the committee of local selectors after George Robinson was appointed in 1872, was not finally obtained until April 1875 at which time the school relocated from the Brouggy selection into Bowraville.
         Unlike his three sons, who each built up very considerable business interests during their lifetimes, it was said Augustus had no great aptitude for business. His July 1877 probated will is available but has not been sighted so the nature and extent of real estate holdings at the time of its' making are not known ⁴⁵. A claim in the above mentioned Mackay family history publication that he owned land at Bellinger River prior to his 1856 marriage to Catherine Dornan at Macleay River would not be correct ⁹. Similarly incorrect is a claim noted in a book on the early history of the Bowraville district and the families who selected there, that at the time of the Catherine Dornan marriage he was a farmer and grazier from the Bellinger River ⁴⁷. It is hard to understand how these claims could have arisen other than the authors confused Augutsus with his son Augustus Mead who from 1898 acquired several farms and other real estate on both the Bellinger and Macleay Rivers. After 1836 only pastoral leases could be held beyond the limits of location. As the Bellinger had no open grasslands it was unsuited to the establishment of squatting stations. It was heavily forested with dense brush on both sides enclosing the river. Prior to the passage of the Crown Lands Alienation Act of 1861, enabling free selection beyond the limits of location, the Bellinger had been no more than a temporary abode for cedar cutters who came and went with a ship builder named George Tucker established on its lower reach. As late as 1863, when he arrived at the Bellinger to work for Tucker drawing timber for sending to Sydney, Coffs Harbour's first white settler Walter Harvie wrote that the white population of the Bellinger comprised only about twenty men, two women, and just one horse (a grey) owned by cedar cutter Frisby who employed a few hands and had his camp upriver where the town of Bellingen was later established. There is no evidence any Raymond would have owned or had an interest in land on the Bellinger River before 1889 when youngest son Edward moved there from Bowraville. Although Augustus died in Sydney, and is buried in Rookwood Cemetery, the NSW Probate Index has Nambucca as his place of residence. This suggests at the time of his death he at least still owned the property at Bowraville he selected in 1869.
          A family legend has been that Augustus named his Bowraville property ‘Hampton Court’ after the Royal Palace of that name situated beside the Thames he admired when he was a boatman on that river. A claim in the cited Mackay family history it was named that after the Raymond Estate in England is considered incorrect as family history research has shown no such entity existed ⁹. A 1993 published history of the Nambucca River, citing as source a transcript of a 1870 birth registration for a William and Jane Gaddes child, born on the property with Augustus' wife Margaret acting as midwife, gave the spelling of the property name as ‘Hampden Court’ ⁵³. It has been suggested it may not be too fanciful to suppose the beautiful winding three-quarter mile section of North Creek forming a boundary to his property had reminded Augustus of the winding of the river Thames familiar from his youth and may have been at least in part the reason he named the Bowraville property Hampton Court - his palace beside North Creek!
          The afore mentioned Mackay family history stated his Bowraville selection was known to the aboriginals by the word caparra - said to mean a corroboree or sacred ground. The word did not mean corroboree ground but at least it explains how the first school at Bowra derived its name of Capeharrow Hill - capeharrow being the phonetic equivalent of caparra. The word is more usually spelt keeparra and means the process or ceremony for the initiation of young men into manhood. Hence the Augustus selection was the place where such initiation ceremonies were performed and as such is correctly categorized a sacred place. However it is possibe the school was named Capeharrow Hill by its' first teacher George Robinson for a different reason. Immediately prior to taking up the appointment he taught at a school at Dingo Creek north-west of Wingham where a near locality is named Caparra with a creek of the same name ⁵¹. A 1870s anecdote in autobiographical notes written by John "Jack" Bradley, a brother of James and William Charles Bradley who respectively married in 1866 and 1873 Augustus' step-daughters Mary Lavender and Catherine Dornan, mentioned Augustus and his Capeharrow Hill property as follows:- "I was fishing at Buccrabendinni one day, when a snake bit me. My brothers Will and Jim were taking me to Wirrimbi and on the way we called at the Raymond homestead (Caparra Hill). Grandfather Raymond always had a decent brew in the cupboard and when he learned that I'd been bitten by a reptile, he produced the grog and made a mixture with the ashes and the grog and rubbed this into the punctures." ⁵⁶.

Second Marriage

         The second wife of Augustus, and mother of his four children, Catherine Dornan née Laverty, with her husband Charles Dornan, infant son Alexander, and 277 other immigrants, arrived in Sydney on 28 Aug 1841 on the Percy that left Greenock in Scotland on 21 May 1841. Their immigration records gave the age of Charles Dornan at embarkation as 22 and Catherine as 20 giving her a ca. 1821 birth year. Both gave their religion as protestant and birth place as Ballanahinch, County Down, Ireland ³⁷. The town of Ballynahinch (sic) in Magheradrool Parish is located about 15 miles south of Belfast. According to the Knox History of County Down it had a population of 911 when they left in 1841. Whilst the NSW immigration records had the religious denomination of both as protestant, and their ca. 1840 marriage likely took place in the Church of Ireland which also was likely the denomination in which Charles was baptised, because the immigration records of Catherine's later arriving in NSW brothers Denis and Michael gave their denomination as Roman Catholic it follows Catherine would likely have been baptised at one the R.C. chapels in the area (the most likely being the chapel at Ballynahinch or one further south in Magherahamlet parish) and, as the saying goes, that she ‘turned her coat’ at the time of the marriage. As is the case with the surviving C of I and Presbyterian baptism and marriage records for the area (excepting for the 3rd Ballynahinch Presbyterian) baptism records of the Ballynahinch, Magherahamlet and Dromara R.C. chapels start too late for her baptism.
         The Tithe Applotment valuations of farm tenements for County Down were dated from 1827 to 1834. Whilst the valuations had several with the Dornan surname none had the given name of Charles Dornan's father Alexander and there were none with the Laverty surname. However at the Tithes the Boyd surname of Catherine's mother Ann was prevalent in several parishes in County Down, with the most common given name being John and several Samuel's - both names bestowed by Michael and Ann Laverty on children. A Charles Boyd was the vicar at Ballynahinch Church of Ireland and his brother the same at Dromara C of I located in the town of that name about five miles to the south-west of Ballynahinch as marked on this 19th century map. The absence from the Tithes of the names of the father's of both Charles and Catherine suggest by 1827 they were town dwellers or worked on farms tenanted or owned by others. In the case of Catherine that is confirmed by the 1861 census of Co. Cumberland in England where the occupation of her father Michael was given as ‘formerly agricultural labourer’ ⁴³.
        In 1853 when her ca. 1825 born brother Denis arrived in Sydney his immigration record gave Belfast as the abode of his parents Michael Laverty and Ann Boyd. By the 1861 census of England, with their three younger sons ca. 1826 born Michael Jr., ca. 1833 born Samuel and ca. 1835 born John, they had relocated 160 kilometers across the Irish Sea to Cleator Moor near Whitehaven in the County of Cumberland (since 1974 in the County of Cumbria) where they resided until their deaths. The household in 1861 included a grandson Michael born ca. 1846 indicating there was at least one other son of an unknown given name who married ca. 1845 or earlier and was either deceased, had remained behind in Ireland, or in 1861 was living elsewhere in England. Denis Laverty arrived in Sydney in Sep. 1853 aboard the Telegraph and his subsequent history is unknown. Michael arrived in Jan 1865 on the St. Hilda with wife Sarah and their three children. They settled on the mid-north coast of NSW where three more children were born and where Michael died in 1888 ^{36, 42} . In respect of the history in Australia of Charles and Catherine Dornan it has been written: ³² .

‘ On the South bank of the river close to Kempsey, also, settlement was increasing. ... To encourage the sale of farming land it was decided to permit the purchase of small farms not exceeding sixty acres. One of the first to take up such a small farm near Kempsey was young Charles Dornan, who, with his nineteen-year-old wife and infant son Alexander, had arrived in Sydney from Ireland in 1841. They were soon established on their small farm at Pola Creek. The clearing of the virgin land and the cultivation of crops had to be done without the aid of convict labour. The timber was felled and burnt, leaving trunks and large branches in the paddocks. The grain was sown among the rubble for some years before ploughing was possible. In 1852, with five daughters added to his family, Charles Dornan decided to try his fortunes on the southern gold fields. He did not return and his family came to believe that he had been murdered for his gold. Catherine Dornan and twelve-year-old Alexander were left to carry on the family farm and support the large family, now increased by the birth of a second son, Charles, three months after his father's disappearance. In the years to come the Dornan farm at Pola Creek became a showplace on the river and a fine tribute to the tenacity and diligence of its pioneer owners.’

          Whilst apparently unknown to his family Charles Dornan did not disappear entirely without trace. The Victorian BDM registry has his death indexed under the number 28740 and the name Charles Dorman (sic). Originally recorded in the burial register of St. Peter's Anglican Church, the oldest Anglican church still standing on its original site in the inner city of Melbourne, the record has his age as 33 years, date of death as Sunday 12 Dec 1852 and burial date as 14th Dec 1852. He died just 3 days before son John (Charles) was born and would have been buried in what is now Flagstaff Gardens - Melbourne's first burial ground that was known to early Melbourne settlers as Burial Hill. The record gave him as being of Melbourne. No cause of death was recorded so a death from violence cannot be excluded ³⁶. A search of the then main daily Melbourne newspaper The Argus through to 24 Dec 1852 found no mention of him by name but it did mention out of town murders of unnamed persons as having occurred a day either side of his recorded Sunday 12th death date ³⁸ .
           As Catherine was a pioneer Lower Macleay settler of a quarter of a century standing, when she died on Easter Sunday 1 Apr 1866 aged only 45 years and leaving eleven children, The Macleay Herald would have reported on her death. However whilst it began publication two years before she died no issue earlier than 1878 is known to have survived. At Taree, over one hundred kilometers further south, the weekly published The Manning River News of 7 Apr 1866, pleading a lack of room as the reason it was obliged that week to condense the report of its Kempsey correspondent, carried only the briefest mention of her passing as follows - ‘‘I must mention that Mrs Raymond died suddenly a few days since, probably from heart disease. She was apparently quite well a few minutes before’’. Catherine is buried in Frederickton Cemetery with the imposing headstone pictured at the top of this article. Buried beside her is daughter Ann Ball, who departed in 1921, and grand-daughter Fleada Bradley who burned to death in her pyjamas in 1897 at the age of twelve ⁵⁵. 

Third Marriage

Margaret Raymond (1820-1887)

        Catherine's death left Augustus to care for their four young children aged from two to eight years. Late the following year he married a 47 year old widow, Margaret Chambers née Mackay, who was born in Aberdeen in Scotland in 1820 and arrived in Australia in Feb. 1839 with her parents and six siblings on the James Moran ⁵⁴. There were no issue from the marriage. Margaret was the third born child of Angus Mackay who had sixteen children from his two marriages. When Angus died at Bowraville in 1894 leaving 276 living descendants it was said he was only four months shy of his hundredth birthday. At his request his coffin was made by Augustus' youngest son Edward who had moved from Bowraville to Bellingen five years earlier ⁴⁶.
          Margaret had firstly married in 1841 at Dungog, James Chambers, then a member of the NSW military mounted police. He was born in 1811 at Macclesfield, Cheshire, England and arrived in Sydney in Nov. 1832 on the Parmelia as a private with the 4th Regiment of Foot from which in Nov. 1834 he was seconded, firstly to the military Foot Police, and then in Sep. 1835 to the military Mounted Police in which he served in the Hunter District (at Dungog & Muswellbrook), Wagga Wagga, and Temora. He was discharged from the mounted police in Nov 1849 and rejoined the British army in the 11th Regiment from which he was discharged in Sept. 1850. From then he was the Chief Constable at Wagga Wagga in the civilian police until he resigned in Sep. 1851 to join the gold rushes that developed following the discovery by Hargarves in April that year of the first payable gold in Australia at the Ophir north-west of Bathurst. From Sep. 1851 to about 1862 he was a prospector and miner, and in 1863 a year before he died was a storekeeper at Wombat near Young. Family papers lodged in the Mitchell Library in Sydney claim he was the discoverer of gold at a locality subsequently named after him Chambers' Creek, where in the early 1870s a major gold rush developed, and a short-lived town named Chambers sprang-up located north of Bathurst and 11 kilometres south of Hill End.
         It is said James and Margaret had twelve children ⁴⁹. Their line has not been researched in depth by the compiler, and at the time of this compilation no children's birth registrations or other event official registrations had been obtained to ascertain the facts as to the number and names of their children etc. A more detailed history and assumed genealogy of the family is given at the linked web page. To some extent it may also appear in the afore mentioned, unsighted by the compiler, 1988 Nancy Edge book on Angus Mackay and his descendants. Chambers family photos, papers, and documents, also unsighted by the compiler, were deposited in 1953 in the Mitchell Library in Sydney by a James and Margaret granddaughter Ida Ringland ⁹.

Deaths

          Augustus did not die from natural causes. His death registration gave the cause of death as injury to the spine, paralysis, and bronchitis. The spinal injury and resulting paralysis may well have been caused by an accident such as a fall from height whilst working at his occupation as a carpenter. Prior to his death he spent 20 days in hospital at the Sydney Infirmary in Macquarie Street. There was a Coroner's Order, presumably arising from him not having been under treatment by his own doctor at the time of his death, stating the date of death was also the date last seen by a medical attendant. There was no subsequent Coroner's Inquest ⁴⁵. It has been said after leaving Bowraville for Sydney in 1872 that in Sydney he drove a hansom cab and had an accident from which he never fully regained his health ⁵². However if that were the full story of his last four years in Sydney it leaves unexplained why the 1876 Sands Directory, that would have been prepared for publication in 1875, gave his occupation as carpenter and his 1877 death registration had the same.  §
          Margaret outlived Augustus by ten years and was still residing in Sydney five years after his death. A January 1882 letter written from Sydney by the first wife of her brother Robert Mackay gave her then address as O'Dorny House, Mount Vernon St., Forest Lodge, Sydney ⁴⁸. At least two of her children pre-deceased her - sons Angus and William within two years of the 1869 move to Bowraville and there may have also been one or two of the daughters. When she died in West Kempsey in Feb. 1887 the cause was given as heart disease and she was buried in the West Kempsey Cemetery. The published headstone transcriptions for the West Kempsey and other Kempsey district cemeteries do not identify a surviving headstone. The informant for the death registration was her 1844 born eldest son James Jnr. whose youngest daughter Ida (the Mitchell Library family papers depositer) was born at West Kempsey the same year ⁹. For the licensing year 1885-86 James was the publican of the Bowra Hotel in Bowraville, and was likely the James Chambers who for one or more years between 1887 and 1889 was the publican of the East Kempsey Hotel, and in early 1890 when declared bankrupt a Kempsey butcher.

Children of Augustus Raymond and Catherine Dornan née Laverty were:
+  1.    i.    Augustus Mead Raymond
+  2.   ii.    Sarah Fidelia Raymond
+  3.   iii.   Samuel John Raymond
+  4.   iv.   Edward James Robert Walter Raymond

SECOND GENERATION

1.   Augustus Mead Raymond, born Feb. 1857 ¹² at Pola Creek, Macleay River, NSW, Australia; d. 7 Mar 1942, Bellingen, NSW. He married 22 Apr 1896 ⁵ at Bowraville, NSW, Margaret Ann Grace, b. 12 Jan 1870 at Kallateenee, Macleay River; d. 23 Jan 1954 Bellingen, daughter of Walter Grace (ca. 1840-1898) and Catherine Simon (1847-1933). A. M. & M. A. Raymond newspaper obituaries.

Bellingen cemetery

Children of Augustus Mead Raymond and Margaret Ann Grace were - photo:
    5.   i.    Gladys Augusta Raymond
    6.  ii.    Augustus Walter Charles Raymond
    7.  iii.   Catherine Jane Raymond
    8.  iv.   Lilian Raymond
    9.  v.    Harry Mead Raymond

2.    Sarah Fidelia Raymond b. 19 Jul 1858 11, 13  reg. Macleay River, NSW, Australia; d. 10 Jan 1936 ¹⁴ reg. Bowraville, NSW, buried Bowraville cemetery. She married in 1886 ¹⁵ reg. Bowraville, Robert Mackay b. ca. Mar. 1842, Dungog, NSW ; d. 15 Aug 1925 ¹⁶ reg. Bowraville, son of Angus "Waterloo" Mackay and his second wife Christina. Her given names of Sarah Fidelia suggest she was named after her father's first wife Sarah Sumerfield with Fidelia (the Latin word for faithful) to indicate she was so named in her memory. Her husband Robert Mackay was a widower who previously had married in 1870 at Bowraville, Mary Jane Grace, a daughter of James Banister Grace (1812-1913) and Ann "Mary Ann" Alexander (ca. 1822-1906) who was born in Wiltshire in England in 1851 and died in child birth in Kempsey in 1882.

Bowraville cemetery ⁸

Children of Sarah Fidelia Raymond and Robert Mackay were:
    10.   i.    Irene R. Mackay
    11.   ii.   Elva Augusta Mackay
    12.   iii.  Robert Raymond Mackay

3.   Samuel John Raymond, b. 22 Sep 1861 ^{11, 17} reg. Macleay River; d. 25 Nov 1942, buried Bowraville cemetery. He married 1893 ⁷   reg. Macksville, NSW, Australia, Mary Ann Alexandria Mackay, b. 1874 ²⁷ reg. Macleay River; d. 10 Sep 1960, daughter of Robert Mackay (1842-1925) and Mary Jane Grace (1851-1882). Samuel John's father-in-law Robert Mackay by virtue of his marriage to Samuel's sister Sarah Fidelia was also his brother-in-law and, as his father Augustus had married Robert's half-sister Margaret Chambers née Mackay, Robert was also Samuel's step-uncle!  Further adding to family inter-relationships was that Samuel's elder brother Augustus Mead married Margaret Ann Grace - a niece of Samuel's mother-in-law Mary Jane Grace.

Bowraville cemetery ⁸

Children of Samuel John Raymond and Mary Ann Alexandria Mackay were:
    13.   i.    Augustus Wallace Raymond
    14.  ii.    Robert Rex Bruce Raymond
    15.  iii.   Samuel Douglas Raymond
    16.  iv.   Eric Harold Hilton Raymond
    17.  v.    Edward Dudley Sperry Raymond
    18.  vi.   Angus Colin Raymond

4.   Edward James Robert Walter Raymond, born 1864 ¹⁸; d. 16 Jun 1932; m. 15 Jan 1890 Helen Maria Caroline "Carrie" Hilder, born 16 Nov 1865; died 11 Jun 1949. E. J. R. W. Raymond newspaper obituary.

Bellingen cemetery

Children of Edward J. R. W. Raymond and Helen M.C. Hilder were:
    19.   i.   Edward Harold Hilder Raymond
    20.  ii.   Sarah A. E. J. Raymond
    21.  iii.  Gertrude Ada F. Raymond
    22.  iv.  Joseph F. Leighton Raymond
    23.  v.   Eva Hariett Hilder Raymond

THIRD GENERATION

5.   Gladys Augusta Raymond, b. 25 Mar 1897, Bowraville, NSW, Australia; d. 12 Jul 1978, Bellingen, NSW, aged 81 years, buried Bellingen cemetery.

Bellingen cemetery

6.   Augustus Walter Charles Raymond b. 6 Nov 1899 ²⁸, Bellingen, NSW; d. 25 Nov 1982 Bellingen, aged 83 years; buried Bellingen Lawn Cemetery; m. 1936 Smithtown, NSW, Alice May Saul, b. 1905, Kempsey, NSW; d. 24 May 1999, daughter of John E. Saul and Alice J. Rowe.

Bellingen cemetery

Children of Augustus Walter Charles Raymond and Alice May Saul were:
    24.   i.    Elizabeth Raymond
    25.   ii.   Augustus John Raymond

7.   Catherine Jane Raymond, b. 13 Oct 1902, Bellingen, NSW; d. 23 Jan 1994, Bellingen, NSW, aged 91 years; buried Bellingen Cemetery.

Bellingen cemetery

8.   Lilian  Raymond, b. 16 Jul 1905, Bellingen, NSW; d. 18 Jan 1989, Bellingen, NSW, aged 83 years; buried 20 Jan 1989 Bellingen Cemetery. Apart from a year spent at Redland's Anglican C of E Grammar School in Sydney she spent her whole life in the Bellinger Valley, dying in the same room in which she had been born.

Bellingen cemetery

9.   Harry Mead Raymond b. 23 Mar 1908, Bellingen, NSW, Australia; d. 12 May 1966 Kempsey, NSW, buried East Kempsey Cemetery; m. 18 Feb 1939, St. Margaret's C of E Church, Bellingen, Lily Daphne Gordon b. 18 Jan 1911 at Bellingen, NSW; d. 20 Sep 1999 Bellingen, buried East Kempsey Cem., daughter of Wilfred Ernest Augustus Gordon (son of Meldrum Henry Gordon - first white settler at the the Upper Bellinger River Valley Gordonville locality) and Ada Harvie (dau. of Walter Harvie - first white settler at Coffs Harbour). H. M. Raymond newspaper obituary.

dau. Judith & headstone - East Kempsey cem.

Children of Harry Mead Raymond and Lily Daphne Gordon were:
    26.   i.    John Gordon Raymond
    27.   ii.   Judith Margaret Raymond

10.  Irene R. Mackay b. 1886 ¹⁹ reg. Nambucca River. She married (1) in 1911 ²⁰ Charles E. Parrington reg. Sydney, NSW. She married (2)  Sydney Barr.

Children of Irene R Mackay and Sydney Barr were:
    28.  i.     Gladys Barr
    29.  ii.    Betty Barr
    30.  iii.   Robert Barr

 11.   Elva Augusta Mackay b. 1888 ²¹ reg. Bowraville; d. 26 Jun 1965 ²² reg. Macksville, NSW, buried Presbyterian Section of Bowraville Cemetery. She married 1913 ²³ Wilmot Henry Fuller reg. Bowraville., NSW; b. ca. 1891; d. 3 Mar 1978.

Bowraville cemetery ⁸

Children of  Elva Augusta Mackay and Wilmot Henry Fuller were:
    31.   i      Marjorie E. Fuller
    32.  ii.     Lionel Charles Fuller
    33.  iii.    Travers Fuller
    34.  iv.    Dudley Keith Fuller
    35.  v.     Errald Clyde Fuller
    36.  vi,    John Travis Raymond Fuller

12.   Robert Raymond Mackay b. 1889 ²⁴ reg. Bowraville, NSW; d. 20 Oct 1965 ^{25, 36} reg. Burwood, NSW, buried Presbyterian Section of Bowraville Cemetery. He married 1926 ²⁶ reg. Bowraville, Esther Pearl Owens.

Children of Robert Raymond Mackay were:
    37.  i.     Robert Darcy Mackay
    38.  ii.    Kenneth John Mackay

13.   Augustus W. Raymond b. 1894 (#1894-19412) reg. Macksville, NSW, Australia; d. 1960 reg. Hornsby, NSW. He married 1918 reg. at Kempsey, NSW, Clytie H Saul, b. 1893, daughter of  William J. Saul and Hilda W.

14.   Robert Rex B. Raymond, b. 1896 (#1896-2016) reg. Bowraville, NSW, Australia; d. 5 Nov 1957. He married in 1919 reg. Macksville, Annie Lillian Hammond, b. 1895 Taree, NSW; d. 1954 Manly, NSW, daughter of Charles Hammond and Sarah Jane.

Bowraville cemetery ⁸

15.   Samuel Douglas Raymond, b. 1900 (#1900-10770) reg. Bowraville, NSW, Australia; d. 6 Jul 1972 Manly, NSW.

Bowraville cemetery ⁸

16.   Eric Harold Hilton Raymond, b. 1903 (#1903-10541) reg. Bowraville, NSW, Australia; d. 16 Oct 1967, Grafton, NSW. He married in 1928 at Bowraville, Ivy Grace,  daughter of Albert Ernest Grace and Louisa Jane Churchill.

Bowraville cemetery ⁸

17.   Edward Dudley S. Raymond, b. 1908 (#1908-22602) reg. Bowraville, NSW, Australia; d. 1974 Bowraville, NSW. He married in 1937 at Bowraville, Nita Evelyn Saville.

18.   Angus Colin Raymond, b. 1913 (#1913-38210) reg. Bowraville, NSW, Australia. He married, Mildred May Beeton.

19.   Edward Harold Hilder Raymond b: 16 Feb 1891 in Bellingen, NSW, Australia; d. 10 Oct 1969 Bellingen, NSW; m. 1921 in Bellingen, NSW, Jean Stuart McDougall, b. 1900 in Bellingen, NSW; d. 5 Dec 1999, aged 99 years, dau. of Robert S. McDougall and Clara M. Baker.

Bellingen cemetery

20.   Sarah Augusta E. J. Raymond b. 1893 in Bellingen, NSW, Australia; d. 11 Jul 1979 in Bellingen, NSW; m. 1919 in Bellingen, NSW, Albert Balcomb, b. 30 Jun 1891 in Lydd, England; d. 25 Mar 1981 Bellingen, NSW - both buried Bellingen cemetery.

21.   Gertrude Ada F. Raymond b. 1896 in Bellingen, NSW, Australia; d. 1 Dec 1980 ³⁴ at Mosman, NSW, Australia ; m. 1922 in Bellingen, NSW, James Alfred Bowring, b. 1896 in Nowra, New South Wales, Australia; d. 15 Mar 1977 ³⁴ at Mosman, NSW, son of James A. Bowring and Mary Green.

Children of Gertrude Ada F. Raymond and James Alfred Bowring were:
    26.         Betty Mary Raymond Bowring

22.   Joseph F. Leighton Raymond b. 26 Feb 1898 in Bellingen, New South Wales, Australia; d. 2 Jun 1968; m. 1919 in Macksville, NSW,  Sylvia E. Willis, b. ca. 1895; d. 28 Jul 1984.

Bellingen cemetery

23.   Eva Harriett Hilder Raymond b. 1900 in Bellingen, NSW, Australia; d. 17 Mar 1990 ³⁵ in NSW, Australia. She married in 1925 in Bellingen, NSW, John Henry Rudolph Lindman d. 1961 Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia. (note - her father's 1932 obituary spelt her married name incorrectly as Linderman, and in 2008 the NSW BDM indexes had her birth registration other initials as H. A. and the marriage registration initials as M. M.)

To add to the family history & genealogy contact compiler: 

SOURCES:
¹   The Augustus Raymond christening date and church are as per the International Genealogical Index (IGI). Re the christening date it has been assumed the IGI date of 4 Jan 1822 is correct, and whilst correct as to the days and the months, arising from a miscalculation by his father when providing the data, the christening date of 4 Jan 1821 and birth date of 27 Sep 1820 appearing in the apprentice birth affidavit books of the Company of Watermen and Lightermen are erroneous in so far as both are one year too early. Hence his birth date was 27 Sep 1821 instead of that date in 1820. Supporting 1821 is the age of 19 years given in the England census taken on 6 Jun 1841 indicating a birth between 7 Jun 1821 and 6 June 1822. The 27 Sep 1821 birth date is also supported by the 55 years at death given in both his 18 Jan 1877 NSW death registration and the newspaper death notice indicating a birth date between 19 Jan 1821 and 18 Jan 1922.
²  As recounted to the compiler in the 1960s by Gladys Raymond - 1897 born eldest daughter of Augustus' eldest son Augustus Mead.
³  NSW BDM Indexes #1856-1525 - a transcript of the registration record has the groom's status as widower, his occupation Carpenter and Joiner, that Catherine Dornan had 7 living children from her former marriage and, whilst the ceremony was performed in accord with the rites of the Presbyterian Church both parties were of C of E denomination. Place of the marriage was given as Poley Creek (Pola Creek), groom's birth place as Camberwell, near London, England, father Mead Raymond, occupation corn factor, and mother Ann Chapman. Witnesses were William and Mary Ann Sanders
⁴  Glenn C. Bradley, When the River was the Road, 1994 - "When Augustus Raymond was left a widower with four young children he married Margaret Chambers née McKay in 1867 ... William Bradley (senior) was a witness to this marriage which took place at Pola Creek on the Macleay, the home of the Dornans'. William Bradley was born in the Colony in 1814 and married Margaret McKay's younger sister Elizabeth b. 1823 in Aberdeen, Scotland."
p. 118 marriage date given as 9 Dec 1867 (elsewhere a 19 Dec has been noted). NSW Marriage Index #1867-2289.
⁵  Ibid #1896-2791
⁶  Ibid #1877-112 (index gave age as 55 years - age at death being the identifier used where the record informant provided no parent names). Age 55 indicates a birth before 19 Jan 1822 so consistent with his 4 Jan 1822 Christ Church, Southwark, London christening.
    Sydney Morning Herald, 19 Jan 1877, DEATHS - Raymond - January 18, Augustus Raymond, late of Macleay River, in the 55th year of his age. THE FRIENDS of MR. AUGUSTUS RAYMOND are invited to attend his funeral; to move from his late residence, No. 20, Banks-street, Chippendale, on Saturday Afternoon, at 2 o'clock for the Necropolis. J. and G. Shying and Co., Undertakers, 717 George-street South, 120 Oxford -street.
⁷  NSW BDM Indexes #1893-4518
⁸  Rookwood & Bowraville cemetery headstone images provided courtesy of Dennis Cox. The Catherine Raymond Frederickton cemetery headstone inscription reads - Sacred to the Memory of Catherine. The beloved wife of Augustus Raymond who went to her rest on the morning of Easter Sunday 1866. Leaving a husband and many children to deplore their loss. A little while and ye shall not see me and again a little while and ye shall see me because I go to the Father.   John XVI 16.
Under their married names - the seven children of Charles Dornan and Catherine Laverty were:- Alexander (1840-1918), Ann Ball (1842-1921), Jane Connors (1844-1878), Mary Lavender Bradley (1846-1919), Catherine Bradley (1849-1938), Eliza Crispin (1850-1920) & Charles - baptised as John (1852-1930) Note: As at 2008 another child named Catherine was BDM indexed with a baptism ref. of V1846 537 44a. It is considered an indexing error as no record of the baptism appears in the NSW Register of Baptisms, Burial and Marriages films - reels 5010, 5015 & 5048 app. Catherine's will (not sighted) was probated (NSW Supreme Court Probate Index - Catherine Raymond ref. #1867-? & see at NSW State Records web site the index to "Early Probate Records" listed as - "probate 1867, Macleay River, Series NRS 13502 item 6/4195" - in 2008 a photocopy could be ordered online from the State Records web site.
⁹  Nancy Mackay Edge, Our Highland Heritage (Angus McKay of Sutherland), n. p. 1988, p.p, 113, 127 quoting from an article by Alex Gaddes. At p. 128 is an also strange claim that Bowraville's first Court House was on the Raymond Caparra Hill selection - obviously incorrect as it would not have been on private land a mile and half west of the town but situated with a police station on government land in the 1870 proclaimed township. It would seem the author confused Grassy Hill with Caparra Hill.
¹⁰  In 2008 the microfiche copies of the St. Catherine's House Marriage Index listed the marriage as - March Qtr. 1849, vol. 4, p. 38 under the groom's name of Augustus RAYMON (sic) and double indexed it under the bride names of Sarah TERRY Sumerfield and Sarah TERREY Sumerfield. The registration details, extracted from the linked copy of the official registration record provided courtesy of Carmel Stuart née Laverty of NSW, are as follows:-  Augustus Raymond, bachelor, engineer, of Park Road,  married (after banns) Sarah Terrey Sumerfield, spinster, of York Grove, in the Parish Church of Saint Giles Camberwell, County of Surrey, on 1st Feb. 1849. Both parties signed the register in the presence of Mead Terrey Raymond, Elizabeth Raymond, Margaret Terrey Sumerfield and Ann Dorothy Gould. Both ages were given as “full age”.  Augustus' fathers name was given as Mead Raymond, lighterman and Sarah’s as Thomas Benjamin Sumerfield, coal merchant. Celebrant - curate Robert A Currey.
¹¹ Date advised per email from by Dennis Cox dated 21 Jul 2007
¹² NSW BDM Indexes #1857-7760
¹³ Ibid  #1858-9227
¹⁴ Ibid  #1936-5617
¹⁵ Ibid  #1886-5863
¹⁶ Ibid  #1925-15642
¹⁷ Ibid  #1861-8773
¹⁸ Ibid  #1864-9825
¹⁹ Ibid  #1886-25569
²⁰ Ibid  #1911-611
²¹ Ibid  #1888-26785
²² Ibid  #1965-32254
²³ Ibid  #1913-11866
²⁴ Ibid  #1889-25590
²⁵ Ibid  #1965-36663 & Sydney Morning Herald, 21 Oct 1965 - Deaths, Mackay, Robert Raymond - October 20, 1965, at private hospital, Marrickville, of 32 Hanks Street, Ashfield, widower of Esther Pearl, dearly loved father and father-in-law of Robert & Patricia, Kenneth & Shirley, fond grandfather of Jennifer, Tony, Katherine & Paul, aged 74 years, internment Friday at Bowraville.
²⁶ Ibid  #1926-18085
²⁷ Ibid  #1874-13014
²⁸ Ibid  #1899-28644
²⁹ Post Office London Directory 1846, June Edition  (W. Kelly & Co 1846 - 1994 facsimile edition) - the earliest London directory consulted by the compiler.

³⁰ Sep. 2007 and 1 Oct 2007 emails from Neil Rhind MBE FSA -  a social and architectural historian - advising the census taken on 6 & June 1841 listed at Paradise Street, Rotherhithe - Mead 55 lighterman, Augustus 19 lighterman's apprentice, Elizabeth 21, Ann Dorothy Gould 28, and two female servants and several London directory listings of the businesses of brothers John and Mead Raymond.

³¹ Burial Register of St. Saviour's Church, Southwark - transcription by John Hanson and Monnica Stevens
³² Marie H. Neil, Valley of the Macleay, Wentworth Books, Sydney, 1972, p.47 - citing as source Miss J. Dornan to Macleay River Historical Society, 1964.
³³ The Company of Watermen & Lightermen Bindings Index 1692-1949  (CD-ROM version).
³⁴ The Sydney Morning Herald - Death Notices - James Albert Bowring & Gertrude Ada Bowring issues of 19 Mar 1977 p. 120 & 2 Dec 1980 p.19. The latter read - BOWRING, Gertrude Ada December 1, 1980, late of Mosman, dearly loved wife of the late James Alfred Bowring, loving mother of Betty, devoted grandmother of Graeme, loving mother-in-law of Kenneth. The 3 Dec. funeral service was at Northern Suburbs Crematorium.
³⁵ Ibid - Eva Harriett Hilder Lindman, aged 89, late of Port Macquarie issue of 19 Mar 1990.
³⁶ Advised July 2008 by Camel Stuart of NSW
³⁷ Assisted (Bounty) Immigration, AONSW reel #1336 - the family arrived with 280 other immigrants in Sydney from Greenock, Scotland on 28 Aug 1841 on the Percy. The immigration and ship records gave the birth place of Charles Dornan and Catherine as Ballanahinch, Co. Down, their respective ages as 21 and 20 & son Alexander 11 months, and parents of Charles were given as Alexander & Anne Dornan and Catherine's as Michael & Anne Lougherty (the surname spelling is a phonetic variant of Laverty - both Dornan and Laverty being Irish names respectively anglicised from O Dornain and O Laith Bheartaigh with the former name found mostly in Co. Down and adjoining Co. Antrim). The person certifying as to registry of baptism for Charles was Rev. Charles Boyd vicar of the Ballynahinch C of I, and for Catherine Rev. William Mortimer curate of Magherahamlet C of I church where the rector was Rev. H. E. Boyd who was also rector of Dromara C of I and brother of Rev. Charles Boyd (the reason a C of I vicar and not an R. C. priest certified as to the register of baptism as it was stated in the immigrant's application is not known and can only be speculated upon. It has been suggested that Catherine was perhaps her mother's eldest child and her mother Ann Boyd was either the widow of a protestant Boyd or Catherine was born out of wedlock and baptised as a protestant before her mother married Michael Laverty). The Ballynahinch birth place of both Charles and Catherine could mean they were either born in that town or it was the largest town to where they were born. The above arrival record and details researched and advised by Carmel Stuart. Note: - the "Digger" CD-ROM titled Bounty Emigration to NSW 1828 to 1842 has the Dornan family surname incorrectly indexed as Doran.
³⁸ Violence and robbery and murders were then frequent in Melbourne and on the goldfields and on roads in between. The edition of Monday 13 Dec. reported that it was said a murder had been committed on Saturday night (11th) at Murder's Flat, Chokeem Gully with the murderer apprehended by the police. On Tuesday 14 Dec. it reported news had come that morning of a body being found in the neighbourhood of Reedy Creek where the body of a murdered person had been found the previous week.
³⁹ The following records held by the London's Guildhall Library were checked for a steamboat ownership - (1) Ms 6408 - Register of steamboats, giving owners, numbers of permitted passengers, and masters' names and addresses, with index to boats and masters 1846-1848, (2) Ms 06312/1-2 - Indexes to registers of licensed passenger boats 1828 - ca. 1910, (3) Ms 10022 - Register of boats for hire, numerically arranged, giving names and abodes or moorings of watermen or craft owners, and names and types of boats 1827-59.
⁴⁰ His address in the 1872 Grenville's Post Office Directory was given as Bowra River, Bowraville. A total of 58 persons were listed under Bowraville in the P.O. Directory. Their occupations were listed as: 54 farmers, 4 sawyers, and 1 stockholder. Stated was that mail was received and dispatched twice weekly - taking 6 days to arrive from Sydney via steamer to Port Macquarie or Kempsey and then overland to the P.O.
^41
42 Assisted Immigration to NSW, AONSW microfilms - 1853 Telegraph reels 2137 & 2465 (name of relative in colony given as sister Catherine Dornan), 1865 St. Hilda reels 2139 & 2483 (name of relative in colony given as brother-in-law Augustus Raymond, Pola Creek, County Macquarie, NSW).
⁴³ 1861 Co. Cumberland census occupation of Michael Laverty Sr. advised by Carmel Stuart who also advised his 1877 death registration, for which his son John was the informant, had it as labourer, and that Augustus Raymond as the informant for wife Catherine's 1866 death registration gave her father's occupation as ‘dealer’.
⁴⁴ Alex Gaddes in his own book opt. cit. p. 102 dropped the incorrect claim Augustus had started a boarding school, and instead with his own added comment, quoted from autobiographical notes written at an undisclosed date, but presumably late in a long life, by John "Jack" Robert Bradley (1861-1952) who it will be noted made no claim of having personally attended either the 1st or 2nd Capeharrow Hill schools - viz. "Grandfather Raymond was instrumental in getting the first school teacher here, a Mr Cluff, and many went to the school that was built, near where Mr McCullen now lives". To which Alex Gaddes added the following comment - "until the arrival of Mr Cluff, Augustus M. Raymond was carrying out the duties of getting some education, at least, to the local children. He was an itinerant tutor who divided his time between The Gogo (Wilson River), Pola Creek, and Bowra, each getting three months of his time. [I know this, because he taught the elder members of the family of William and Jane Gaddes. Auth.]."
     At the time of compilation a not consulted source for other Augustus Raymond mentions is a 1970 booklet authored by Allan King titled - A History Trail : The Story of the MacKay and Dornan Family that was catalogued in 2008 as held by the Macleay-Hastings Library at Kempsey. That library also holds a Chronicle of the Macleay River Historical Society dated June 1988 titled: The Dornan Diaries 1892 thought most likely to cover Alexander Dornan's farming activities for that year.
⁴⁵ NSW State Records, at the Western Sydney Records center, 145 O'Connell St., Kingswood hold the Augustus Raymond will probate granted 3 Jul 1877 - ref. "Series 3 Probate/Packet No. 1387". Neither the will or land grant and deed transfer records have been researched to ascertain land holdings. The NSW Supreme Court Probate Index lists Augustus Raymond died 18 Jan 1877, Nambucca. No Coroner's Inquest was listed in the Registers of Coroner's Inquests 1834-1901 index.
⁴⁶ In 2008 the linked to web page had a transcript of the Angus Mackay obituary. The newspaper source is not given but presumably it appeared in a week ending 21 Oct 1894 issue of The Macleay Argus that began publication in 1885.
⁴⁷  Glenn Bradley, op. cit. p. 118
⁴⁸  Ibid  op. cit. p. 134
⁴⁹  Ibid  op. cit., p. 118
⁵⁰  The legislature of the colony in 1866 passed an Act authorising the appointment of teachers in sparsely populated areas, and the establishment of privately owned schools in areas where there was no public school, provided there were at least 15 students and fewer than the 25 required for the establishment of a Public School. The schools were eligible for grants and subject to periodic inspection by the Council of Education and were known as "Provisional Schools" with the parents providing the building and furniture while the NSW Government Council of Education paid the teacher and supplied the books and equipment.
     Government schools of New South Wales 1848 to 2003, published 2003 by the Dept. of Education & Training, under Bowraville has the first "official" school as Capeharrow Hill - a provisional school from Sep. 1872 to Apr. 1875. It was followed by Bowra Public from Apr. 1875 until Mar. 1890.
      A booklet titled Bowraville Centenary 1875-1975, has a 1875 sketch map showing Capeharrow school located a mile from the future township on the north side of the Lower North Arm Rd. road just past the Lower Buccrabendinni Rd. junction placing it on portion 5 the Augustus Raymond election. The booklet states following the petition for the establishment of a public school the Council of Education while at first ready to grant a public school changed its mind and instead offered a Provisional School.
     It stated the first teacher at Capeharrow Hill was George Robinson. It is said he was born in Londonderry in Ireland and trained as a school teacher in Limavady, Ireland, and prior to Capeharrow Hill taught at Dingo Creek (Wherrol Flat) - Robyn Anne Munro ca. 2000 query to the Rootsweb AUS-NSW-L mail list.
     The above cited Bowraville Centenary 1875-1975 booklet has Capeharrow Hill school as beginning on 15 July 1872 with 28 pupils in a large room lent by Mr. Raymond - presumably the room was in his homestead. It has that whilst George Robinson began teaching at the school on 15 July his official status at the provisional school as the teacher dated from when it became such on 1 Sep 1872 and that in 1872 he leased a cottage in which the school was conducted. Thus in the latter months of 1872 the school moved from the original room "lent" by Augustus Raymond, situated just over a mile from the future Bowra township, to a rented cottage on Brouggy's Hill about a half-mile closer to the future town before in April 1875 again relocating to within its' boundary. In the official application petition for the establishment of a public school, Augustus and William Gaddes were two of 11 parents professing an intent to send 31 children to the school. Augustus proposed sending only two.
⁵¹  Nancy Edge, op. cit., p. 128 - original source given as an article titled The family of William and Jane Gaddes. Also see Norma Townsend, op. cit. p. 321, in notes re the school's Capeharrow name, quote - "The name is probably a corruption of the Aboriginal keepara, which means corroboree."
      (ED. The aboriginals had no written language. Whilst in agreement with Norma Townsend that "Capeharrow" was a corruption of the aboriginal word keepara (or the same sounding caparra and other variant phonetic spellings noted in 19th century accounts of aboriginal customs such as keeparra, keeparah, keeparrow, kipparah, kabbarah etc.) it is apparent the sacred sites to which the aboriginals applied the term were most definitely not corroboree grounds. The aboriginal word for corroboree sounded completely different. In a paper on the grammar and vocabulary of the Kattang language as spoken by central coast of NSW tribes, published in the Journal of the Royal Society of NSW, vol. XXXIV, 1900 p.p. 103-118, W. J. Enright gave won-gul-lin as the word for corroboree and keè-păr-ră as meaning the ceremony at which youths of a tribe were initiated into manhood. The previous year (1899) the same journal carried a lengthy paper by the same researcher titled "The Initiation Ceremonies of the Aborigines of Port Stephens" which referred to a 1896 paper by R. H. Mathews titled "The Keeparra Ceremony of Initiation" that dealt in great detail with the ceremony as it was and had been practiced by coastal aboriginal tribes northwards from Newcastle to at least the Macleay River.
       Specifically relating to the Nambucca River aborigines, Glenn Bradley op. cit. p. 136-138., quoted George S. Mackay in the “The Tribune” of April 27, 1883 as follows - “Another ceremony performed by the blacks is called ‘Caparra’; that is the initiating of the young men of the tribe into all forms of manhood. This ordeal is a severe and trying one to the young man, so severe is that instances have occurred of young men dying under the operation. Women and children are not permitted to watch this ceremony, nor are the men allowed to make known any of the rites, to the women. They are held a profound secret among the men.”
      Glenn Bradley op. cit. p.p. 24, 25, 38, wrote that quote - "It has been said Capeharrow Hill was an aboriginal keeparrow ground. He wrote that such was a place away from the women of the tribe (i.e. away from the main camp) to which a boy going through the final stages of initiation into manhood was taken and kept for a period on a restricted diet. Specifically in reference to the Nambucca, Bradley referred to an extract from a 1893 story by Philip Cohen as saying there was a keeparrow ground on the eastern slope of Bald Hill about a mile south-west of Gumma Hill at Nambucca Heads, and that the Corroboree ground known to locals as Biddes Farm was a further mile south. Clearly it was being said the main camp, the corroboree ground, and the keeparrow or man-making ground, were all separate places. There is no reason to suppose up river at Bowra it was any different.
       In North Queensland for geographic reasons the word caparra could not have meant corroboree ground. Archibald Meston who was raised on the Clarence River, where he learned the dialect spoken by the local tribe, in a 23 Dec 1896 article in The North Queensland Register titled The Bride of Caparra, wrote of the word as follows - ‘Three miles off the mouth of the Mulgrave river in North Queensland, is the "High Island" of the Frankland Group, known to the mainland natives as "Caparra", two miles in circumference, rising 400 feet, and covered by dense tropical jungle except on one green grass covered spur shooting out from the north east side.’ Mainland aboriginals did not have corroboree grounds on jungle clad islands three miles out to sea! It is said in South-East Queensland in addition to Keepara other names used for the initiation into manhood ceremonies were Burbung, Bunan Jerail and Wundarral.
      The manhood making ceremonies marking the passing through from boyhood into adulthood were an integral part of Aboriginal society throughout Australia. They were strictly a male gathering, with women banned from participating and even viewing parts of the event. A cleared circle or oval shaped ring with a stone or earth border, geneally known as a Bora Ring, was a central feature at a Keepara site and was usually situated on a high place such as a hill. Walter Harvie, the first settler at Coffs Harbour, writing in 1927 of a tribal battle he witnessed in the vicinity of the Bellinger River, wrote that the initiates were known as caperas (i.e. keeparras), and whilst going through the initiation into manhood process lived apart from the main camp guarded at all times by an elderly aboriginal armed with a bullroarer to warn the unwanted to keep away, and specifically they were kept away from the women of the tribe and their diet excluded specific foods that were taboo that he named as bush turkeys, goannas, flying foxes and several kinds of game. It will be noted that what Harvie wrote roughly accords with other 19th century accounts.
      Thus it is quite apparent, if as it seems likely the Augustus Raymond selection was known to the aboriginals as caparra it would have been the place where the local tribe held initiation into manhood ceremonies and as such a sacred place with carved trees and bora ring etc. However as there is no record that prior to the coming into existence of the Capeharrow Hill school the Augustus selection was known as a caparra ground, it remains a possibility that subsequently it has just been assumed by someone aware of the aboriginal word and its' meaning, that the Capeharrow name must have been derived from that word and accordingly the selection on which it was located must have been an aboriginal keeparra gound. However a possibility that cannot be completely excluded is that the first teacher George Robinson, being aware of the caparrra word and its initiation into manhood process meaning, named the school Capeharrow on the basis it was to be the venue for the initiation of the local settler's children into an education - or in other words a white youth's Keeparra. This possibility is based on the thinking that Robinson would have been aware of the word and its "initiation" meaning as he came to Bowra directly from teaching at Dingo Creek where a nearby locality is named Caparra with a creek of same name.
⁵²  Advised by Carmel Stuart - original source op. cit. Nancy Edge, p. 68. ED. - the 1869 conditional purchase is confirmed by official records and the 1872 move to Sydney is confirmed approximately by his eldest son's obituary which suggests it was perhaps in early 1873. It may be that the hansom cab driving and "accident" referred to were shortly after after his ca. 1872/73 move to Sydney and subsequently he went back to his carpenter and joiner occupation before a second accident (perhaps a fall) in late December 1876 that caused the spinal injury resulting in paralysis and death after 20 days in hospital in the Sydney Infirmary in Macquarie Street.
⁵³  Norma Townsend, Valley of the crooked river, 1993, p. 237 Notes has - [37] Duncan Forbes Gaddes birth is registered as born at Hampden Court (the name of Raymond's selection). Mrs. Raymond was the midwife. See registrations of birth, 13 November 1870, Kempsey Court House. (ED - the child's mother was Jane nee Mackay a half-sister to Mrs Margaret Raymond).
⁵⁴   Glen Bradley,  op. cit.,  p. 96 - "Baptism: 1 December 1820 -- Angus Mackay, furniture dealer, and his spouse, Jane Clark, had a daughter, named Margaret baptised by Reverend Mr. Doig, in the presence of George Mackay a labourer and Robert Calder, carter. (ED. note - Rev. Robert Doig was one of the ministers of Aberdeen and married Angus Mackay & Jane of St. Nicholas, Aberdeen, on 26 Mar 1815 in his house. Presumably the church where the baptism occurred was the Galic Chapel, in Galic Lane, as that was where Murdock Mackay married in 1823). Margaret Mackay's age was given as 17 in the list of government immigrants aboard the James Moran that departed Lochinvar on 10 Oct 1838 and arrived Sydney 11 Feb 1839 - see Bounty Immigrants 1839 AONSW reel #1303 & Disposal Return on reel #2654. (ED. at p. 96 the Bradley book gave her age in the passenger list as 19. However it was clearly listed in two places in those records as 17. However it is also indicated there she was born 4 Dec 1821 which is considered in error as would be inconsistent with the 1 Dec 1820 chistening date. If 17 was her age when the she embarked in Scotland on 10 Oct 1838 it follows Margaret was born between 11 Oct 1820 and 10 Oct 1821 which is consistent with her christening date of 1 Dec 1820. Thus it has been concluded she was born in Oct. or Nov. 1820.
⁵⁵   Glenn Bradley, op. cit., p. 70.
⁵⁶   Alex S. Gaddes, Red Cedar Our Heritage, Wyndham Observer 1990. p. 100 - ED. the "Grandfather" appellation would have come about as by 1871 he was grandfather to three James Bradley/Mary Lavender Dornan children and about four children of Chambers daughters, with a host more to come as several more married in the immediately following years. The anecdote went on to say by luck a doctor was visiting at Wirrimbi, who supplied a medicine and scarified the snake bite wound, and after a night through which his brothers kept him awake by riding about with him on horseback the next day he was again feeling fine although the wound was a little sore!
⁵⁷   Norma Townsend, op. cit., p.p. 98-100, a University of New England History Lecturer devoted a full chapter to the history of the Bowraville schools titled: "A School is Much Wanted".
⁵⁸   Spare.
⁵⁹   Norma Townsend, op. cit. p. 237 footnote [37].
⁶⁰   The Gaddes' married at Dungog near Maitland about the same time Augustus married at Pola Creek and their first child William Jnr. was born in 1857. However they did not become related to Augustus until ten years later in Dec 1867 when he married a half-sister of Jane Gaddes née Mackay. Her husband William Gaddes, who was previously at Rollands Plains on the Wilson River, selected on the Nambucca in Missabotti parish on 15 Jul 1869. after they moved to Bowra, before residing on their selection at Missabotti, it seems the family may have initially lived on the Augustus selection or very nearby as they had a child born on the selection in late 1870 with Margaret acting as the midwife. So located, and as step nephews and nieces, the eldest Gaddes children would naturally have been included when Augustus was teaching his own children the basics.
       Before Fernmount on the Bellinger River got its first school in Nov. 1871 the records state the closest school to Bowra was 50 miles away at the Macleay and that a school at Bowra was "much wanted". Details of the establishment of the first school on the Nambucca, first teacher etc. were published in a booklet titled: Bowraville Centenary 1875-1975 distributed by the Bowraville Folk Museum fifteen years before the Alex Gaddes book was published but were either unknown to Gaddes when he wrote in 1990 or just ignored in favour of his own unsupported by evidence construction. To quote historian Norma Townsend, the broad facts ascertained from government records are - "from 1867, inspectors from New England had visited the district and tried to arouse sufficient interest to get a school established. ... In 1871, ‘about a dozen settlers convened to discuss certain important matters connected with the future of the river’ ... The next year, a group of families who had settled around Bowraville organised a school, the first on the river ... a group of parents invited George Robinson, a Council of Education teacher at Dingo Creek, from where some of the families had come, to open a school on the Nambucca. Robinson accepted and the school began in a room which Augustus Raymond lent for the purpose" ⁵⁷.
       Whilst apparently by implication Augustus did tutor his own children, and those of relatives such as the Gaddes' at places he resided, it is considered highly unlikely the Alex Gaddes claim is correct in regard to his occupation after moving to Bowra having been an itinerant tutor or that it ever was. The claim on page 102 of the Gaddes book appears to be no more than a seriously garbled, and sad to say to some extent concocted version, not necessarily by him, of what was likely fact. One has to wonder why during the approximately three years from 1869 to 1872 Augustus would have resided on his Bowra selection before moving to Sydney where he remained until his death, he would have absented himself from his wife of only two years, and his children and step-children for no less than half of each year to tutor, at what because of the limitations of his own education could only ever have been at very basic level, children back where he had previously lived from at least 1856 at Pola Creek, and where all his Dornan step-children due to their ages had left any school days behind them, and at Rollands Plains further south on the Wilson River? At Macleay River why would the children of settlers not have attended the local schools staffed by suitably qualified Council of Education paid teachers? It makes no sense! The only reason for the inclusion of the Wilson River in the claim appears to be that the Gaddes' family spent time there after initially moving to Rollands Plains from the Williams River before their final move to Bowra River.
       Many early settlers were not able to teach their children the basics skills of reading, writing and simple arithmetic because they could not read or write themselves or could read only. If so inclined those that could taught their children the basics and sometimes also the children of relatives and neighbours. An example was at Fernmount on the Bellinger that did not get its' first public school until 1 Nov 1871. It has been written a daughter of one of the earliest settlers recalled, that prior to the establishent of the government school at Fernmount there being many children in that town, and no teacher, the local blacksmith John Williams had conducted classes for the children in his Smithy, and that was where the older members of her family had obtained their early education (see compilers web page re John Williams the first blacksmith at Bellingen). If John Williams had taught children in his Smithy when he was at Taree before moving to Fernmount would his primary occupation at Fernmount have then become an itinerant tutor instead of blacksmith?
       As it was with John Williams so it would have been with Augustus. The evidence is his primary occupation in Australia was carpenter and joiner, with non-tradesman status as he had not undertaken an apprenticeship. In an isolated area as Bowra River was when he moved there, and although nominally a farmer, without an availability wood turning equipment he would likely have used his capentry and joinery skills to made rough furniture and have helped other selectors build very basic dwellings. When at Pola Creek and then at Bowra it may be that not only relatives received their early education from him but also some children of nearby settlers. There is no record of there having been a private or public school in the Kempsey area between the years 1851 to 1859. According to her 1841 immigration arrival record his wife Catherine could neither read or write so after their 1856 marriage the task of imparting some basic education to her seven children would have fallen to Augustus. His formal schooling apparently ended about his 15th birthday. However as he was employed by his father there may have been opportunities for further study in selected areas, as is perhaps suggested by engineer (presumably of a steam tug as he was a licensed lighterman) being given as his occupation in 1849 when he first married. The level of education he reached would have been adequate to enable him to teach young children at an elementary level. So whilst he would not have earned his living as a professional tutor it is reasonable to assume he imparted some education to his own and the Dornan and Chambers step-children when living at Pola Creek. From 1869 at Bowra until the establishment of Capeharrow Hill school on 15 Jul 1872, the same would have applied with his and the youngest Chambers step-children and must have included the eldest children of his sister-in-law Jane Gaddes, none of whom were even been born when Augustus married at Pola Creek in 1856. As Norma Townsend has suggested, the Gaddes family may have initially lived on his Capeharrow Hill selection and sent children to the Capeharrow Hill school when it began in July 1872 ⁵⁹. William Gaddes was one of the 11 parents who signed the petition for the establishment of the Capeharrow Hill school and undertook to have children attend.