[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; 2000 Years of Family History - Not Guaranteed as to Accuracy Entries: 21729 Updated: Sun Oct 13 16:11:18 2002 Contact: c trier Home Page: My Roots http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8411
Saint Hermengild Visigoth Duke Baetica
[INDIV2.DAT]
Brother of Reccared, King of the Visigoths
His marriage may have been in 580.
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; 2000 Years of Family History - Not Guaranteed as to Accuracy Entries: 21729 Updated: Sun Oct 13 16:11:18 2002 Contact: c trier Home Page: My Roots http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8411
[INDIV2.DAT]
Her marriage may have been in 580.
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England
Leovigild Visigoth King of Spain
[INDIV2.DAT]
King of Spain in 568
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; 2000 Years of Family History - Not Guaranteed as to Accuracy Entries: 21729 Updated: Sun Oct 13 16:11:18 2002 Contact: c trier Home Page: My Roots http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8411
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; 2000 Years of Family History - Not Guaranteed as to Accuracy Entries: 21729 Updated: Sun Oct 13 16:11:18 2002 Contact: c trier Home Page: My Roots http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8411
[INDIV2.DAT]
Count Cartagena
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; 2000 Years of Family History - Not Guaranteed as to Accuracy Entries: 21729 Updated: Sun Oct 13 16:11:18 2002 Contact: c trier Home Page: My Roots http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8411
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; 2000 Years of Family History - Not Guaranteed as to Accuracy Entries: 21729 Updated: Sun Oct 13 16:11:18 2002 Contact: c trier Home Page: My Roots http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/8411
Robert Guiscard d'Hauteville Duke Apulia
[INDIV2.DAT]
Duke of Apulia, Calbria, Sicily. He may have died on 22 Jun 1101
Note: In 1016, when the Saracens were besieging Salerno, forty Normanknights, returning from a pious pilgrimage to the Holy Land,passed that way, following the customary route (for the pilgrimsused to cross Italy to Bari, where they embarked forConstantinople), took dvantage of this opportunity of breaking alance in the name of Christ. It was a wonderful country, andthe state of anarchy in which they found it -- attacked by theinfidels and rebelling against the Byzantines -- held a promiseof profitable adventure. Normandy soon had wind of the matter,and little companies of younger sons, or warriors in search ofloot, set out to join their compatriots. ... About 1030 one ofthem, Raoul, had already acquired such a position that PrincePandolfo of Capua gave him, as fief, the county of Arezzo. ...In1042 one of their leaders, Guillaume, was proclaimed Count ofApulia. ... Meanwhile, Robert Guiscard installed himself inCalabria, and in 1057 inherited the county of Apulia. MergedGeneral Note: Guiscard, Robert (1015?-85), Norman adventurer,born near Coutances in Normandy. Like many other impoverishedNorman knights, Guiscard went to Italy, arriving there about1046. After serving in the forces of the prince of Capua, heorganized an army to secure possessions for himself in Calabria.When Pope Leo IX attempted to expel the Normans from Italy in1053, Guiscard played an important role in defeating the papalforces at Civitate, near the modern city of San Severo. Afterthe death of his older brother Humphrey Guiscard (died 1057),Robert became leader of the Normans in Italy. The pope, seekingindependence from the Holy Roman Empire, decided to enlist theNormans as allies. In 1059 Pope Nicholas II (980?-1061) createdRobert by the Grace of God and Saint Peter, duke of Apulia andCalabria and, with their help, hereafter of Sicily. In return,Robert acknowledged the pope as his feudal overlord. Sicily wasin Byzantine hands at the time and so Robert and his brotherRoger (Roger I) embarked on a series of campaigns, capturingMessina in 1061 and Palermo in 1072. Turning his attention tothe Balkans in 1081, Robert gained a great victory over theByzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus at Durrës, Albania. Hiscampaigns at Macedonia and Thessalía were being carried on,meanwhile, by his son Bohemond I. Robert was recalled from hisvictorious campaigns in 1085 to go to the aid of Pope GregoryVII, who was besieged in the castle of Sant'Angelo by Holy RomanEmperor Henry IV. Robert drove Henry from Rome, and reducedone-third of the city to ashes. Because of the unpopularity ofGregory VII in Rome, he took the pope to Monte Cassino. Robertthen went to the support of Bohemond in the Greek campaign, butdied of fever at Kefallinía a few weeks later. ==================================================== Robert, byname ROBERT GUISCARD, or ROBERT DE HAUTEVILLE, Italian ROBERTOGUISCARDO, or ROBERTO D'ALTAVILLA (b. c. 1015, Normandy[France]--d. July 17, 1085, near Cephalonia, Greece, ByzantineEmpire), Norman adventurer who settled in Apulia, in southernItaly, about 1047 and became duke of Apulia (1059). Heeventually extended Norman rule over Naples, Calabria, andSicily and laid the foundations of the Kingdom of Sicily. Arrival in Apulia Robert was born into a family of knights. Arriving in Apulia, insouthern Italy, around 1047 to join his half brother Drogo, hefound that it and Campania, though they were southern Italy'smost flourishing regions, were plagued by politicaldisturbances. These regions attracted hordes of fortune-seekingNorman immigrants, who were to transform the political role ofboth regions in the following decades. In Campania, the Lombards of Capua were launching wars againstthe Byzantine dukes of Naples in order to gain possession ofthat important seaport. In Apulia, William ("Iron Arm") deHauteville, Robert's eldest half brother, having successfullydefeated the Byzantine Greeks who controlled that region, hadbeen elected count of Apulia in 1042. In 1046 he had beensucceeded by his brother Drogo. When Robert joined his brothers, they sent him to Calabria toattack Byzantine territory. He began his campaign by pillagingthe countryside and ransoming its people. In 1053, at the headof the combined forces of Normans from Apulia and Campania, hedefeated the haphazardly led forces of the Byzantines, theLombards, and the papacy at Civitate. Because of the deaths ofWilliam and Drogo and of his third half brother, Count Humphrey,in 1057, Robert returned to Apulia to seize control fromHumphrey's sons and save the region from disgregating internalconflicts. After becoming the recognized leader of the ApulianNormans, Robert resumed his campaign in Calabria. His brotherRoger's arrival from Normandy enabled him to extend and solidifyhis conquests in Apulia. In his progression from gang leader to commander of mercenarytroops to conqueror, Robert emerged as a shrewd andperspicacious political figure. In 1059 he entered into aconcordat at Melfi with Pope Nicholas II. Until that time thepapacy had been hostile toward the Normans, considering them tobe an anarchist force that upset the political structure insouthern Italy--a structure based on a balance of power betweenthe Byzantines and the Lombards of northern Italy. The schismthat took place between the Greek and Latin churches in 1054worsened the relations between the Byzantine emperors and thepapacy, and eventually the papacy realized that Norman conquestsover the Byzantines could work to its advantage. Robert's planto expel the Arabs from Sicily and restore Christianity to theisland also found favour in Nicholas' eyes. This expedition intoSicily got under way in 1060, as soon as the conquest ofCalabria was completed. Robert entrusted the command of theexpedition to his brother Roger, but on particularly difficultoccasions--e.g., the siege of Palermo in 1071--he came to hisbrother's aid. Until this time, Robert's relations with Roger had not alwaysbeen amicable, since Roger, aware of both his own talent andRobert's dependency on him, would not settle for the subordinaterole allotted him. Their differences were resolved when Robertinvested Roger, after he had recognized Robert's supremeauthority, with "the County of Sicily and Calabria" along withthe right to govern and tax both counties. Expansion of the Duchy Robert continued to expand the small county left by Humphreyinto a duchy, extending from the Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian sea.The capture of Bari in April 1071 resulted in the end ofByzantine rule in southern Italy. Robert turned next to theneighbouring territories of Salerno, controlled by theLombards. Instead of fighting them, he dissolved his firstmarriage and in 1058 married the sister of Salerno's lastLombard prince, Gisulf II. Hostilities broke out between thetwo rulers, however, and Gisulf naively tried to bring about aByzantine counteroffensive against Robert. Fearing that theNorman advances into Campania, Molise, and Abruzzi wouldthreaten the papal dominions, Pope Gregory VII excommunicatedRobert and gave Gisulf considerable military aid. The strugglecame to a head when Gisulf, determined to display his power,advanced toward the prosperous city of Amalfi. Robert respondedto the city's plea for help in 1073 and successfully defendedit; in December 1076 he took Salerno from Gisulf and made it thecapital of his duchy. Robert was now at the height of his power. During his rise herepressed with an iron hand not only the claims of Humphrey'ssons but also the uprisings of towns and lords that werefretting under the restraints imposed upon them. The harshnesswith which Robert chose to deal with these rebels was intendedto transform a heterogeneous population into a strong, sovereignstate. When, in 1080, the conflict between church and state over theright to make ecclesiastical investitures had become moreintense, Robert chose to reconcile himself with Gregory VII,entering into the Concordat of Ceprano, which confirmed thecommitments of the earlier Council of Melfi. Even the Byzantinecourt drew closer to him and went as far as trying to establisha familial relationship with Robert. The Byzantine emperorMichael VII, in need of Robert's help to uphold his unstablethrone, married his son, Constantine, to one of Robert'sdaughters, Helen. The opposition party, however, deposed Michaeland confined Helen in a monastery. To guarantee Apulia againstattack from the new rulers of Byzantium, Robert wanted theterritories on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula, andhe began to build a large navy. Michael's expulsion and Helen'sconfinement reawakened his unappeased spirit of adventure andhastened his long-considered expedition. Now his goal was evenmore ambitious: to march to Byzantium and crown himself emperorin place of the deposed Michael. In 1083 Robert landed in Epirus with a well-trained army andimmediately succeeded in defeating the Byzantines and theirVenetian allies. The pope, however, suddenly recalled him toItaly to help him expel the German king Henry IV, who wasmarching on Rome en route to claiming southern Italy for theHoly Roman Empire. Having returned home and suppressed therevolts of the lords hostile to himself and to Pope Gregory VII,Robert moved toward Rome, defeated the pope's enemies, andescorted him to Salerno in the summer of 1084. Following thissuccess, he returned to his campaign on the Adriatic coast. Hedied during the siege of Cephalonia on July 17, 1085. Achievements Physically attractive, endowed with an acute and unscrupulousintelligence, a brilliant strategist and competent statesman,Robert had begun to organize a state composed of diverse ethnicand civil groups: Latin and Germanic in Lombard territories andGreek in Byzantine domains. The new political structure wasbuilt on a monarchial-feudal framework characteristic of thetime, but it was controlled by the energetic and uncompromisingRobert, who tried to use his ducal power to create a powerfuland prosperous state. The other base on which he built was RomanCatholicism, the religion of the conquerors and most of theconquered, which he used to reconcile the subjected peoples. Anextremely religious man, Robert was distrustful of the Greekclergy because of their ties with Byzantium. On the other hand,his generosity toward the Latin church was bountiful. He endowedit with territories and clerical immunities in order to tie itfirmly to the feudal system. Splendid cathedrals and Benedictineabbeys were built in the hope that they would consolidate anddiffuse Latin language and culture among the heterogeneouspeople and tie them into a new, unified state. Robert was keptfrom realizing this political vision only by his death. ( E.Po.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. Additional information on Robert Guiscard may be found in thefollowing sources (all with extensive bibliographies): Guillaumede Pouille, La Geste de Robert Guiscard, ed. by M. Mathieu(1961); F. Chalandon's classic work, Histoire de la DominationNormande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 vol. (1907); and E. Pontieri,Tra i Normanni nell'Italia meridionale, 2nd ed. (1964). Related Propaedia Topics Italy in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance Copyright (c) 1996 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. All RightsReserved
Source: Ahnentafel for Edward III of England [kinfolk2.GED]; Susan Shannon, Susanorl@sundial.net; http://www.familytreemaker.com/users/s/h/a/susan-h-shannon/ ; Ancestry.com File # 96135.exe;
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Descendants of Tancred de Hauteville; Straughan Entries: 5937 Updated: Sat Feb 26 20:00:44 2000 Contact: James Straughan jims@rockisland.com; [kinfolk2.GED]; Susan Shannon, Susanorl@sundial.net; http://www.familytreemaker.com/users/s/n/a/susan-h-shannon/
Prince Tancred le Guiscard d'Hauteville
[INDIV2.DAT]
The lineage of the family called de Hauteville, responsible for what is often called "The Other Norman Conquest". The sons of the Norman Tancred de Hauteville led an invasion of Normans into Sicily, and established their family as rulers in the kingdom. According to the "Dictionary of Royal Lineage" he was Seigneur de Hautevalle and Duke of Apulien & Calabria. It also states that he was a descendant of Rolf, Duke of Normandy, but no specific genealogy is given
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; Ahnentafel for President John Adams; Descendants of Tancred de Hauteville; [kinfolk2.GED]; Susan Shannon, Susanorl@sundial.net; Ancestry.com File # 96135.exe; http://www.familytreemaker.com/users/s/n/a/susan-h-shannon/; angies family tree Entries: 10889 Updated: Sun Aug 26 00:14:15 2001 Contact: Angela kirklin
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Ahnentafel of Edward III, King of England; [kinfolk2.GED]; Susan Shannon, Susanorl@sundial.net; Ancestry.com File # 96135.exe; http://www.familytreemaker.com/users/s/n/a/susan-h-shannon/; angies family tree Entries: 10889 Updated: Sun Aug 26 00:14:15 2001 Contact: Angela kirklin
William Guiscard d'Hauteville Lord of Salerno
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Descendants of Tancred de Hauteville
Source: Persephone's Prize Entries: 7695 Updated: Sat Sep 21 03:16:59 2002 Contact: Terri Miles
[INDIV2.DAT]
Countess of Jaffa
Source: Descendants of Tancred de Hauteville; Ahnentafel for President John Adams
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Descendants of Tancred de Hauteville
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Ahnentafel for Edward III of England
[INDIV2.DAT]
Source: Ahnentafel for Edward III of England; Gary Lewis Family Tree Entries: 67752 Updated: Fri Dec 21 17:29:09 2001 Contact: Gary Lewis
Margrave Berthold de Zahringen
[INDIV2.DAT]
Margrave of Verona; Duke of Karnthen (Carinthia) in 1060; deposed 1073.
Source: Ahnentafel for Edward III of England
Source: ferris Entries: 48488 Updated: Thu Apr 4 11:11:31 2002 Contact: William R. Ferris, Jr.
[INDIV2.DAT]
Governor of Melitene on the Upper Euphrates. Armenian prince. Executed by Turks.
Source: Ahnentafel for Edward III of England