Pequot War 1637-1638

The first of the many wars between whites and Indians was fought in 1637 between the Pequots and New England settlers. The Pequots were a warlike tribe centered along the Thames River in southeastern Connecticut. By 1630, under their chief, Sassacus, they had pushed west to the Connecticut R. There they had numerous quarrels with colonists, culminating in the murder by the Pequots of a trader, John Oldham, on July 20, 1636. On Aug. 24 Gov. John Endicott of Massachusetts Bay Colony organized a military force to punish the Indians, and on May 26, 1637, the first battle of the Pequot War took place when the New Englanders, under John Mason and John Underhill, attacked the Pequot stronghold near present-day New Haven, Conn. The Indian forts were burned and about 500 men, women, and children were killed. The survivors fled in small groups. One group, led by Sassacus, was caught near present day Fairfield, Conn., on July 28, and nearly all were killed or captured. The captives were made slaves by the colonists or were sold in the West Indies. Sassacus and the few who escaped with him were put to death by Mohawk Indians. The few remaining Pequots were scattered among other southern New England tribes.

The French and Iroquois Wars 1642-1698

The French and Iroquois Wars (also called the Iroquois Wars or the Beaver Wars) were an intermittent series of conflicts fought in the late 17th century in eastern North America, in which the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and take control of the role of middleman in the fur trade between the French and the tribes of the west. The conflict pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant Mohawk tribe, against the largely Algonquin tribes of the area and their French allies. The wars were ones of extreme brutality on both sides and considered one of the bloodiest series of conflicts in the history of North America. The resultant expansion in Iroquois territory realigned the tribal geography of North America, pushing several eastern tribes west of the Mississippi River. The conflict subsided with the loss by the Iroquois of their Dutch allies in the New Netherland colony, and with a growing French desire to seek the Iroquois as an ally against English encroachment.

King William’s War 1689-1698

King James II of England, unlike his profligate brother, Charles II, was extremely religious, and his religion was that of Rome. The large majority of the people of England were Protestants; but they would have submitted to a Catholic king had he not used his official power to convert the nation to Catholicism. From the time of James's accession, in 1685, the unrest increased, until, three years later, the opposition was so formidable that the monarch fled from his kingdom and took refuge in France. The daughter of James and her husband, the Prince of Orange, became the joint sovereigns of England as William and Mary. This movement is known in history as the English Revolution.

The Pueblo Rebellion 1680

The people of Acoma Pueblo had suffered greatly at the hand of the Spanish almost 400 years ago. In a battle against the Acoma Indians on January 22, 1599, the Spaniards lost 12 men while killing more than 800 Indians. To further subdue the insurgents, Oñate ordered a foot cut off every male 25 years and over in the pueblo. Males between the ages of 12 and 25 were sentenced to 20 years of hard labor.

Although the Spanish government eventually tried and punished Oñate for this atrocity, many of the native peoples up and down the Rio Grande did not forget their treatment by him and other Spanish colonizers. After 80 years of forced labor and the destruction of their way of life in the 17th century, the various northern pueblos rebelled, driving the Spanish south in the famous Pueblo Revolt

King Phillip’s War 1675-1676

Colonists’ hunger for land, as well as the heavy-handed treatment of the Wampanoag and other Native People by government officials, led to one of the most disastrous wars in America’s history.

Governor William Bradford died in 1657; Massasoit, the principal leader among the Wampanoag, died in 1660 and was succeeded by his son Wamsutta, called Alexander by the colonists. With the passing of the first generation, which had forged an uneasy alliance, the personal bonds which had helped to create a working peace ended.

The two cultures’ different ways of life and concepts of land use had caused tension for many ears. A continuing problem was the trampling of Native cornfields by colonists’ livestock. While colonists were legally responsible for damage, such laws were difficult to enforce in remote areas such as Rehoboth and Taunton. Increased competition for resources (particularly land for planting, hunting and fishing) caused friction between the two groups. Changes in the regional economy, such as collapse in the fur trade, led many Native People to support themselves by selling their land. With other governments (Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut) all competing to establish their territories, Plymouth wanted exclusive rights to purchase land from the Wampanoags.

Queen Anne ’s War 1702-1713

Early in the conflict the coast of Maine was swept by bands of savage red men and equally savage Frenchmen, and hundreds of men, women, and children were tomahawked or carried into captivity. On an intensely cold morning in February, 1704, at daybreak, a party of nearly four hundred French and Indians broke upon the town of Deerfield, and with their terrible war cry began their work of destruction and slaughter. Nearly fifty of the inhabitants were slain, and more than a hundred were carried into captivity.1 A few years later Haverhill, Massachusetts, met with a fate similar to that of Deerfield.

In 1704 the colonists made an unsuccessful attack by sea on Port Royal, Acadia, and another in 1707; and three years later the British government, having at last decided to aid the colonies, sent a small fleet under Colonel Nicholson, which was joined by an armament from Boston, and a third attack was made. This was successful Port Royal surrendered, and was named Annapolis in honor of the English queen, while Acadia was henceforth called Nova Scotia.

A beginning of English success was thus made, and the bold scheme of conquering Canada was now conceived. Sir Hovendon Walker arrived at Boston with a fleet and an army, and these were augmented by the colonists at the bugle call of Governor Dudley of Massachusetts, until the fleet consisted of nine war vessels, sixty transports, and many smaller craft, bearing in all twelve thousand men.. In August, 1711, this imposing fleet moved to the northward, and at the same time a land force of twenty-three hundred men under Colonel Nicholson started for Montreal by way of Lake Champlain.

The Tuscarora War 1711-1715

The Tuscarora War was fought in North Carolina during the autumn of 1711 until 11 February 1715 between the British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora, a local Native American tribe. A treaty was signed in 1715

Dummers War 1721-1725

Dummer's War (c. 1721-1725), (also known as Lovewell's War, Father Rale's War, Greylock's War, Three Years War or the 4th Indian War) was a series of battles between the British and French. The war had little organized leadership, and was mostly a series of skirmishes. Exactly which of these should be considered part of the war remains a matter of dispute. The root cause of the conflict was tension over the ownership of American territories in northern New England. At that time, territorial control was split between the French and English. The French had been the first to explore the Kennebec River in Maine, with Samuel Champlain reaching it in 1604.

However, the English began to claim areas along the Kennebec through homesteading. This unsettled the French, who allied with the Abenaki Indians to launch raids against the settlers. To defend against these attacks, the English built Fort Dummer in 1724. The fort was named after Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor William Dummer, who was acting governor at the time. The fort was the first permanent European settlement in Vermont. It was located near present-day Brattleboro. The French were based at Norridgewock, an Abenaki village on the Kennebec. A Jesuit missionary named Sébastien Rale (Rasles) led that settlement, while an Abenaki named Grey Lock led the raids.

The war began when on August 23, 1724, in response to an Abenaki attack, Captain Jeremiah Moultan led eighty men of the Massachusetts Bay militia and some Mohawk Indians on a raid against Norridgewock. They killed seven Abenaki chiefs, along with Sebastien Rasle. The attack ended with a successful capture of the French settlement. The English had casualties of two militia-men and one Mohawk.

Dummer's War is notable because it is the first American conflict during which authorities offered bounties for scalps. The bounty was £100 per head, which, adjusted for inflation, is about US $20,000 (£10,000). Seeking this generous reward, explorer John Lovewell led an expedition to the Winnipiscogee lake region on December 19, 1724. He succeeded in killing and scalping an Indian, and took one child prisoner. Later, at Tamworth, New Hampshire, he and 40 others ambushed and scalped 10 more. During his last Indian expedition, Lovewell died in a fight against the Pigwacket at Fryeburg, Maine, on May 8, 1725.

On April 18, 1725, a Captain Wells and his company of rangers made only the third ascent of Mount Washington, then known as Agiocochook, while on patrol in northern New Hampshire.

King George’s War 1744-1745

King George's War is the name given to the operations in North America that formed part of the 1740–1748 War of the Austrian Succession. The name "King George's War" is only used in the United States. In Britain, Canada, and France, this war is considered a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession, with no separate name. It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars.

The French and Indian War 1754-1763

The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. The conflict, the fourth such colonial war between the kingdoms of France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of all of New France east of the Mississippi River, as well as Spanish Florida. The outcome was one of the most significant developments in the persistent Anglo-French Second Hundred Years' War. To compensate its ally, Spain, for its loss of Florida, France ceded its control of French Louisiana west of the Mississippi. France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the tiny islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

Pontiac’s Rebellion 1763-1766

Pontiac's Rebellion was a war launched in 1763 by North American Indians who were dissatisfied with British policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War (1754–1763). Warriors from numerous tribes joined the uprising in an effort to drive British soldiers and settlers out of the region. The war is named after the Ottawa leader Pontiac, the most prominent of many native leaders in the conflict.

The war began in May 1763 when American Indians, alarmed by policies imposed by British General Jeffrey Amherst, attacked a number of British forts and settlements. Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or captured, with many more fleeing the region. Hostilities came to an end after British Army expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations over the next two years. The Indians were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising prompted the British government to modify the policies that had provoked the conflict.

Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal, and the killing of prisoners, the targeting of civilians, and other atrocities were widespread. In what is now perhaps the war's best-known incident, British officers at Fort Pitt attempted to infect the besieging Indians with blankets that had been exposed to smallpox. The ruthlessness of the conflict was a reflection of a growing racial divide between British colonists and American Indians. The British government sought to prevent further racial violence by issuing the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which created a boundary between colonists and Indians

Lord Dunmore’s War 1773-1774

Dunmore's War (or Lord Dunmore's War) was a war from 1773 to 1774 between the Colony of Virginia and the Indian nations of the Shawnee and Mingo. The House of Burgesses was asked by Lord Dunmore, the British Royal Governor of Virginia, to declare a state of war with the hostile Indian nations and order up an elite volunteer militia force for the campaign.

The context of the conflict resulted from escalating violence between British colonists who in accordance with previous treaties were exploring and moving into land south of the Ohio River—modern West Virginia and Kentucky—and American Indians who held treaty rights to hunt there. As a result of successive attacks by Indian hunting and war bands upon the settlers, war was declared to pacify the hostile Indian war bands. The war ended soon after Virginia's victory in the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774. As a result of this victory, the Indians lost the right to hunt in the area and agreed to recognize the Ohio River as the boundary between Indian lands and the British colonies. Although the Indian national chieftains signed the treaty, conflict within the Indian nations soon broke out between more radical tribesmen who felt the treaty sold out their claims and tribesmen who felt another war would mean only further losses of territory to the more powerful British colonists. When war broke out between the British colonists and the British government, the war parties of the Indian nations quickly gained power and mobilized the various Indian nations to attack the British colonists during the Revolutionary War.

The Revolutionary War 1775-1783

The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen British colonies on the North American continent (as well as some naval conflict). The war was the culmination of the political American Revolution, whereby the colonists overthrew British rule. In 1775, Revolutionaries seized control of each of the thirteen colonial governments, set up the Second Continental Congress, and formed a Continental Army. The following year, they formally declared their independence as a new nation, the United States of America. From 1778 onward, other European powers would fight on the American side in the war. Meanwhile, Native Americans and African Americans served on both sides.

The Northwest Indian War 1785-1795

The Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), also known as Little Turtle's War and by various other names, was a war fought between the United States and a large confederation of Indians for control of the Northwest Territory, which ended with a decisive U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. As a result of the war, territory including much of present-day Ohio was ceded to the United States in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.

The Tripolitan War 1801-1805

The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.

The Barbary Wars are sometimes called "America's Forgotten War", although they share that dubious honor with several other conflicts. The wars largely passed out of popular memory within a generation.

The punitive actions against the Barbary States were launched by the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. When they proved successful, partisans of the Democratic-Republicans contrasted their administrations' refusal to buy off the pirates with the failure of the preceding federalist administration to live up to the rhetorical flight, "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute," attributed to Charles C. Pinckney in the course of the XYZ Affair.

The Marines Hymn contains a reference to this conflict in the opening line: "From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli..

War of 1812

The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and its colonies, including Upper Canada (Ontario), Lower Canada (Quebec), Nova Scotia, Bermuda and Newfoundland.

The war was fought from 1812 to 1815, although a peace treaty was signed in 1814. By the end of the war, 1,600 British and 2,260 American soldiers had died.^[5] Great Britain had been at war with France since 1793 and in order to impede neutral trade with France in response to the Continental Blockade, Britain imposed a series of trade restrictions that the U.S. contested as illegal under international law.^[6] The Americans declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812 for a combination of reasons including outrage at the impressment (conscription) of American sailors into the British navy, frustration at British restraints on neutral trade, and anger at alleged British military support for American Indians defending their tribal lands from encroaching American settlers

Creek Indian War 1813-1814

The next big event to affect the Seminoles of Florida was the Creek War of 1813-1814. Andrew Jackson became a national hero in 1814 after his victory over the Creek Red Sticks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. After his victory, Jackson forced the Treaty of Fort Jackson on the Creeks, resulting in the loss of much Creek territory in southern Georgia and central and southern Alabama. As a result, many of the Creeks left Alabama and Georgia and moved to Florida

The First Seminole War 1818-1819

The beginning and ending dates for the First Seminole War are not firmly established. The U.S. Army Infantry indicates that it lasted from 1814 until 1819.^[12] The U.S. Navy Naval Historical Center gives dates of 1816-1818.^[8] Another Army site dates the war as 1817-1818.^[13] Finally, the unit history of the 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery describes the war as occurring solely in 1818.

Winnebago War 1827

The Winnebago War, also referred as the Le Fèvre Indian War, was an armed conflict that took place in 1827, in the southwest region of the state of Wisconsin, between members of the Winnebago (known also as the Ho-Chunk) tribe, local militias and the U.S. Army. Although losses in terms of lives were minimal, the Winnebago War was an immediate and determinant precedent to the much larger conflict known as the Black Hawk War.

The Black Hawk War 1832

The Black Hawk War was fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. The war was named for Black Hawk, a war chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, whose British Band fought against the United States Army and militia from Illinois and the Michigan Territory (present-day Wisconsin) for possession of lands in the area.

Texas Revolutionary War 1835-1836

The Texas Revolution or Texas War of Independence was fought from October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836 between Mexico and the Texas (Tejas) portion of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas.

Animosity between the Mexican government and the American settlers in Texas (who were called Texians) began with the Siete Leyes of 1835, when Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna Pérez de Lebrón abolished the Constitution of 1824 and proclaimed a new anti-federalist constitution in its place. Unrest soon followed throughout all of Mexico, and war began in Texas on October 1, 1835, with the Battle of Gonzales. Early Texian success at La Bahia and San Antonio were soon met with crushing defeat at the same locations a few months later. Soon after, a Texian fort was overrun, and all save a few of the defenders were killed in the Battle of the Alamo.

The war ended at the Battle of San Jacinto (about 20 miles (32 km) east of modern day downtown Houston) where General Sam Houston led the Texas Army to victory in 18 minutes over a portion of the Mexican Army under Santa Anna, who was captured shortly after the battle. The conclusion of the war resulted in the creation of the Republic of Texas. The Republic was never recognized by the government of Mexico, and during its brief existence, it teetered between collapse and invasion from Mexico. Texas was annexed by the United States of America in 1845, and it was not until the Mexican-American War that the "Texan Question" was resolved.

Second Seminole War 1835-1842

As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in, Florida began preparing for war. Settlers fled to safety as Seminoles attacked plantations and a militia wagon train. Two companies, totaling 108 men under the command of Major Francis L. Dade, were sent from Fort Brooke to reinforce Fort King. On December 28, 1835, Seminoles ambushed the soldiers and wiped out the command. Only two soldiers made it back to Fort Brooke, and one died of his wounds a few days later. Over the next few months Generals Clinch, Gaines and Winfield Scott, as well as territorial governor Richard Keith Call, led large numbers of troops in futile pursuits of the Seminoles. In the meantime the Seminoles struck throughout the state, attacking isolated farms, settlements, plantations and Army forts, even burning the Cape Florida lighthouse. Supply problems and a high rate of illness during the summer caused the Army to abandon several forts

Mexican American War 1846-1848

The Mexican-American War lasted from 1846 until 1848. It grew out of unresolved border disputes between the Republic of Texas and Mexico after the independence of the former during the Texas Revolution of 1836. Texas was admited into the United States on 1845 and as a consequence tension with Mexico increased over the disputed border.

The U.S. Congress declared war on May 13, 1846, while Mexico did so on May 23. Most of the formal fighting effectively ended on October, 1847, soon after the fall of Mexico City. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848 in which Mexico surrendered a vast tract of land to the United States for the sum of USD $15 million.

Cayuse War 1848-1855

The Cayuse War was an armed conflict that took place in the Northwestern United States from 1848 to 1855 between the Cayuse people of the region and the United States Government and local Euro-American settlers. Caused in part by the influx of disease and settlers to the region, the immediate start of the conflict occurred in 1847 when the Whitman Massacre took place at the Whitman Mission near present day Walla Walla, Washington when fourteen people were killed in and around the mission. Over the next few years the Provisional Government of Oregon and later the United States Army battled the Native American peoples east of the Cascades. This was the first of several wars between the original inhabitants and Euro-American settlers in that region that would lead to the placement of many of the Native Americans onto Indian reservations

The American Civil War 1861-1865

• Confederate States: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia
• Border States: Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri
• Union States: Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Rhode Island

The American Civil War (1861–1865), also known by several other names, was a civil war between the "Union" Northern States  and the Southern  states of the newly formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis. The Union included all of the free states and the five slaveholding border states and was led by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party.

Hostilities began on April 12, 1861,

In the East, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee won a series of victories over Union armies, but Lee's reverse at Gettysburg in early July, 1863 proved the turning point. The capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson by Ulysses S. Grant completed Union control of the Mississippi River. Grant fought bloody battles of attrition with Lee in 1864, forcing Lee to defend the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Union general William Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia, and began his famous March to the Sea, devastating a hundred-mile-wide swath of Georgia. Confederate resistance collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

The war started out as a non slavery issue just not expanding slavery into the other states and territories and  By 1862, when it became clear that this would be a long war, the question of what to do about slavery became more general. The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor. It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production. The war, the deadliest in American history, caused 620,000 soldier deaths^[2] and an undetermined number of civilian casualties, ended slavery in the United States, restored the Union by settling the issues of nullification and secession and strengthened the role of the federal government. The social, political, economic and racial issues of the war continue to shape contemporary American thought.

Red Cloud’s War 1866-1868

'Red Cloud's War' (also referred to as the Bozeman War or the Powder River War) was an armed conflict between the Lakota and the United States in the Wyoming Territory and the Montana Territory from 1866 to 1868. The war was fought over control of the Powder River Country in north central Wyoming, which lay along the Bozeman Trail, a primary access route to the Montana gold fields.

The war is named after Red Cloud, a prominent chief of Oglala Lakota Sioux who led the war against the United States following encroachment into the area by the U.S. military. The war, which ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie, resulted in a complete victory for the Lakota and the temporary preservation of their control of the Powder River country.^[1]

Korean Expedition 1871

he United States expedition to Korea in 1871 also known as Shinmiyangyo (Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year) was the first American military action in Korea. It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa. The reason for the presence of the American military expeditionary force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Korea, to ascertain the fate of the General Sherman merchant ship, and to establish a treaty assuring aid for shipwrecked sailors. The isolationist nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to a misunderstanding between the two parties that changed a diplomatic expedition into an armed conflict. The United States won a minor military victory, but as the Koreans refused to open up the country to them (and as the U.S. forces in Korea did not have the authority or strength to press the issue) the United States failed to secure their diplomatic objectives.

Modoc War 1872-1873

The Modoc War, or Modoc Campaign (also known as the Lava Beds War), was an armed conflict between the Native American Modoc tribe and the United States Army in southern Oregon and northern California from 1872–1873 ^[1]. The Modoc War was the last of the Indian Wars to occur in California or Oregon. Eadweard Muybridge photographed the early part of the campaign.

Red River War 1874

Red River War may also refer to the conflict between Oklahoma and Texas known as the Red River Bridge War.

A Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the Buffalo Wallow battle in 1874, one of several clashes between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War.

The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the U.S. Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indian tribes from the Southern Plains and enforce their relocation to reservations in Indian Territory. The actions of 1874 were unlike any prior attempts by the Army to pacify this area of the western frontier.

Black Hills War 1876-1877

The Black Hills War (also known as the Great Sioux War or Little Big Horn Campaign) was a series of conflict The Lakota claimed the Black Hills since their victory over the Cheyenne in 1776, and considered them sacred lands. Following Red Cloud's War, the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) included them in the Great Sioux reservation from which non-Indians were excluded. While the Black Hills were often considered "terra incognita", rumors of gold in them were proven true by the George Armstrong Custer Expedition of 1874.

Miners, suffering from the Panic of 1873, began a gold rush to the Black Hills, in violation of the treaty and Federal law. Further angering the Lakota and their allies was the consistent failure of the United States Army to keep intruders out. Eventually, Tatanka Iyotake (Sitting Bull), Tašunka Witko (Crazy Horse) and their people waged war against the intruders and the United States. Many historians today believe that the Ulysses S. Grant Administration deliberately provoked the war, since a new gold rush and the opening of the Black Hills would aid recovery from the economic depression which had lasted three years.

s between the Lakota (Sioux), their allies, and the United States from 1876 until 1877.^[1]

The Nez Perce War 1877

The Nez Perce War was a series of battles between the Nez Perce and the United States government. The Nez Perce were led by several chiefs, including Chief Joseph, Chief Ollicot, and Chief Looking Glass. The American Army was represented mainly by General Oliver Otis Howard. Colonel John Gibbon, General Nelson A. Miles and Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis were involved as well.

The conflict began when white ranchers realized that Wallowa Valley, as well as the Snake and Clearwater valleys, where the Indians lived, would make great open range for their cattle. As a result, the U.S. Government pressured the Indians to move to a reservation established in an 1863 treaty or be removed by force. At first, the Nez Perce agreed to the move in order to forestall violence, though they did not recognize the 1863 treaty as binding. Unfortunately, four whites, including Jurdin Elfers and Henry Beckridge, were killed by Nez Perce en route to the reservation. Looking Glass and the other Chiefs then decided to travel to Montana to stay with the Crow Tribe, a tribe they knew from their buffalo hunting in the area.

The Nez Perce traveled through Idaho towards Montana, fighting the U.S. Army in several battles along the way. The Nez Perce were victorious in all of these engagements. The Nez Perce then entered Montana through the tough and mountainous Lolo Pass. They continued on to Yellowstone Park and then north towards Canada. When they were within a few days ride of Canada, the Nez Perce were cut off by General Nelson Miles and were forced to surrender

Bannock War 1878

The Bannock War was an 1878 war primarily between the Bannock people and the Northern Shoshone, tribes of Native Americans, vs the United States government.

The tribe, having been restricted to the Fort Hall Reservation in Idaho by the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868, were suffering a famine due to white poachers killing cattle and rations which were served just three days a week. A proximate cause of the Bannock War was European settlers' encroachment onto lands that the Bannocks and Shoshones had never ceded by treaty, particularly the Great Camas Prairie. In the spring, Shoshones and Bannocks congregated there to dig the tubers of the camas (Camassia quamash), which they then dried for winter provender, as well as eating them fresh.^[1] When they arrived in the spring of 1878, they discovered that the settlers' hogs had rooted up and eaten much of the camas. Because the Bannocks and Shoshones were already on short rations, this increased the animosity and conflict between them and the settlers.^[2][3]

The Cheyenne War 1878-1879

The Cheyenne War, also known as the Cheyenne Campaign, normally refers to a conflict between the United States' armed forces and a small group of Cheyenne families, which took place between 1878–1879.

By the late 1870s, the Cheyenne tribes had been forced to resettle in reservations in and around the state of Oklahoma (see also Trail of Tears and Indian removal). Conditions here were very poor and many Cheyenne people died of starvation and disease. In 1878, a small group numbering around 300 and led by chiefs Dull Knife and Little Wolf escaped the reservation.

The two groups made it to their former homeland around the Platte River after defending themselves successfully in four engagements with the US army. Here, the two groups split up. Little Wolf's followers spent the winter in South Dakota or Montana. This group was eventually allowed to remain in Montana, along with the remaining Cheyenne from the reservation.

Dull Knife's band headed northwest but was surprised and caught by a cavalry division. They were taken to Fort Robinson and were demanded to return to the reservation. Upon refusal the group was denied food and water. In desperation the group broke out of the prison and fled away from the troops. Unarmed, outnumbered and starving the group was cornered after 12 days. Apparently the remaining 20-30 tribespeople did not surrender and were shot.

The fate of Dull Knife himself is unclear. Some say he was among the thirty who were killed last, others that he (with or without his family) made it to another reservation where he was hidden, perhaps to resettle once more in the Cheyenne reservation in Montana

Sheepeater Indina War 1879

The Sheepeater Indian War of 1879 was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest portion of the United States. A band of approximately 300 Western Shoshone, (Turakina, or Tukuaduku), were known as the Sheepeaters because their diet consisted of the Rocky Mountain Sheep. The campaign against the Sheepeaters primarily took place in central Idaho.

Leading up to the war the Shoshone were accused of stealing horses from settlers in Indian Valley and during the pursuit killing three of the settlers near present day Cascade. In August, they were accused of killing two prospectors in an ambush at Pearsall Creek, five miles from Cascade. By February of 1879 they were accused of the murders of five Chinese miners at Oro Grande, the murders at Loon Creek, and finally the murders of two ranchers in the South Fork of the Salmon River in May. However, there was no evidence for these accusations.

Heading the campaign against the 'Sheepeaters' was Company G of the 1st Cavalry led by Colonel Bernard, a detachment of men from the Second Infantry under First Lieutenant Catley, and men listed under Lieutenant Edward Farrow. The troops were all heading toward Payette Lake, near present day McCall. Bernard headed North from Boise barracks, Catley headed South from Camp Howard, and Farrow headed East from the Umatilla Agency.

Throughout the campaign, the troops faced difficulty with travelling through the rough terrain. The first segment of the campaign, from May 31 to September 8, was through the Salmon River dubbed the "River of No Return" because it was barely navigable. By August 20, a Sheepeater raiding party of ten to fifteen Indians attacked the troops as they rode on a train at Soldier Bar on Big Creek. Those who defended the train included Coroporal Charles B. Hardin along with six troopers and the chief packer, James Barnes. They managed to successfully drive the Sheepeaters off with only one casualty, Private Harry Eagan. By October, the campaign ended once Lieutenants W.C. Brown and Edward S. Farrow, along with a group of twenty Umatilla scouts, negotiated the surrender of the Sheepe

Ute War 1879-1880

The Utes (/juːts/; "yoots") are an ethnically related group of American Indians now living primarily in Utah and Colorado. There are three Ute tribal reservations: Uintah-Ouray in northeastern Utah (3,500 members); Southern Ute in Colorado (1,500 members); and Ute Mountain which primarily lies in Colorado, but extends to Utah and New Mexico (2,000 members). The name of the state of Utah was derived from the name Ute

Spanish American War 1898

The Spanish-American War was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December.

The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.^[3]

Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship USS Maine to indicate high national interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the USS Maine, and "yellow journalism" that accused Spain of extensive atrocities, agitating American public opinion. The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba.

Only 109 days after the outbreak of war, the Treaty of Paris, which ended the conflict, gave the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.

Phillipine-American War1899-1902

The Philippine-American War was an armed military conflict between the United States of America and the nascent First Philippine Republic, fought between 1899 to at least 1902, which arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines. This conflict is also known as the Philippine Insurrection and was historically the most common name used in the United States. However, Filipinos and some American historians refer to these hostilities as the Philippine-American War, and, in 1999, the U.S. Library of Congress reclassified its references to use this term.

The conflict officially ended on July 4, 1902.^[4][5] This was the end of the war as far as the United States and the Filipino elite were concerned. However, to the Filipino masses, who saw the war against the Americans as a continuing struggle for independence, the resistance lasted longer.^[6] Remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups continued hostilities against American rule until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions as part of the war.^[5]

War or conflict

Date

Deaths

Wounded

Total dead
and wounded

Missing

combat

other

total

American Revolutionary War

1775–1783

8,000

17,000

25,000

25,000

50,000

Quasi-War

1798–1800

20

20

42

62

Barbary Wars

1801–1815

35

35

65

100

Other actions against pirates

1800–1900

10

10

21

31

Northwest Indian War

1785–1795

1221+

458

1679+

3

War of 1812

1812–1815

2,260

~17,000

~20,000

4,505

~25,000

First Seminole War

1817–1818

30

30

Black Hawk War

1832

60+

Second Seminole War

1835–1842

328

~1,500

Mexican-American War

1846–1848

1,733

11,550

13,283

4,152

17,435

Third Seminole War

1855-1858

26

26

Civil War: total

1861–1865

212,938

~625,000

Union

140,414

224,097

364,511

281,881

646,392

Confederate

72,524

~260,000

Indian Wars

1865–1898

919

1,025

Korean expedition

1871

3

3

9

12

Spanish-American War

1898

385

2,061

2,446

1,622

4,068

Philippine War

1898–1902

1,020

3,176

4,196

2,930

7,126

Boxer Rebellion

1900–1901

37

37

204

Mexican Revolution

1914–1919

35+

70

Occupation of Haiti

1915–1934

146

26+

World War I

1917–1918

53,402

63,114

116,516

204,002

320,518

3,350

Northern Russian Expedition

1918-1920

424

China

1918; 1921; 1926-1927; 1930; 1937

5

78

83

US occupation of Nicaragua

1927-1933

48

68

116

World War II

1941–1945

291,557

113,842

405,399

670,846

1,076,245

30,314

China {Cold War}

1945-1947

13

43

56

Berlin Blockade

1948-1949

31

Korean War

1950–1953

33,746

?

36,516

103,284

?

8,177

Russia {Cold War}

1950-1955

32

12

44

China {Cold War}

1956

16

16

North Korea {Cold War}

1959

1

1

Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961

4

4

Vietnam War

1964–1973

47,355

10,796

58,151

153,303

211,454

2,489

Invasion of Dominican Republic

1965-1966

13

200

213

El Salvador Civil War

1980–1992

9

20

35

Beirut deployment

1982–1984

256

266

169

Persian Gulf escorts

1987–1988

39

0

39

31

Invasion of Grenada

1983

18

1

19

119

Invasion of Panama

1989

23

40

324

Gulf War

1990–1991

148

151

299

467

Somalia

1992–1993

29

14

43

153

Haiti

1994–1995

1

4

3

Bosnian War

1995?

1

12

6

Afghanistan*

2001–present

301

195

496

1,937

2,433

Iraq War

2003–present

3,333

738

4,071

40,229

44,300

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