By far, the highest frequency for this haplotype falls among the Hazara, a minority in Pakistan of mixed Mongol and

Indo-Iranian origin. The third highest freqnency falls among the Basques. A genetic (as well as a linguistic) similarity

has been reported between the Basques and certain people of the Caucasus, and this haplotype may be a manifestation

of that similarity.

This haplotype might have either a western or an eastern origin in anyone who carries it - but these groups are not necessarily

related. The greatest likelihood is that the matches among the Hazara are the result of convergence with a Central Asiatic

haplotype belonging to haplogroup "R".

Since the most of the other high frequencies here fall in such places as Northern Spain, Ireland, England, Austria, the Rhineland

and The Netherlands, this haplotype may well have come to Britain with prehistoric Iberian migrants or with a later wave of Celtic

settlement from Central Europe.

The Dutch and Germanic elements in the match pattern - plus the Teutonic DYS390 value

of 23 - suggest that an origin among the Anglo-Saxons or the Flemish allies of the Normans

are also strong possibilities.

The haplotype match table below was prepared for a "Border Reiver" participant who has been SNP-tested as R1b, but

whose DNA profile closely resembles an "N" haplotype and has YHRD matches largely in Fenno-Scandinavia and Northern

Asia. This haplotype is slightly different, but is more appropriate. It is the closest equivalent in YHRD among haplotypes that

appear to be R1b. The highest European frequencies fall in The Netherlands and Saxony, followed by matches that fall

predominantly in German-speaking areas (Wroclaw, for instance, was settled by Germans). This haplotype, like several

other DYS393=14 haplotypes, could easily have come to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons or the Flemish.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 23 10 13 14 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Oregon [European-American]	2.86
Indiana [African-American]	2.70
Zeeland, Netherlands	2.17
Dresden, Saxony	1.16
Bern, Switzerland	1.10
Wroclaw, Poland	.83
New York City [European-American]	.65
Tuscany, Italy	.46
Latium, Italy	.45
Warsaw, Poland	.42
Munich, Bavaria	.40
Berlin, Brandenburg	.18
Chemitz, Saxony	.12

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #13

Of the ten top match frequencies in the Old World, five fall in Iberia, and one each falls in Italy, Denmark, Belgium,

Switzerland and Ireland. This is a fairly typical match pattern for modal R1b haplotype, although this one is

biased towards Iberia a little more than most.

The highest New World frequencies fall in Bolivia and among "European Americans" in the southern part of the U.S.

The Bolivian hit is most likely Iberian in origin, while those in the U.S. are very possibly of Anglo-Celtic origin.

Like many R1b haplotypes, this may have come to Britain from a variety of sources - but the most likely appear to be

prehistoric Iberians or later arrivals from the Celtic areas of Europe.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 24 10 13 14 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Texas [European-American]	2.56
Asturias, Spain	2.22
Umbria, Italy	1.96
Southern Portugal	1.79
Missouri [European-American]	1.69
Bolivia [Amerindian]	1.64
Virginia [European-American]	1.64
Denmark	1.59
Madrid, Spain	1.32
Caceres, Spain	1.10
Madeira, Portugal	1.02
Brussels, Belgium	.80
Switzerland	.67
Ireland	.66
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.66
Andulacia, Spain	.61
Lombardy, Italy	.55
Rostock, Mecklenburg	.49
Greifswald, Pomerania	.48
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg	.46
Barcelona, Catalonia	.45
Central Portugal	.43
Berlin, Brandenburg	.36
Northern Portugal	.32
Sweden	.25
Chemnitz, Saxony	.24
Gdansk, Poland	.18

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #14

The match pattern below was prepared for a "Border Reiver" haplotype that was apparently SNP-tested as R1b.

This haplotype, however, looks like it should belong to haplogroup N, and the matches in Russia, Sweden and

Finland are most likely the result of convergence with N haplotypes.

The other matches, in Saxony, Switzerland and Cape Town - if they are indeed R1b - suggest an origin among

the Anglo-Saxons or the Celts.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 14 31 23 11 14 14 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Novgorod, Russia	2.00
Uppsala, Sweden	1.75
Bern, Switzerland	1.10
Cape Town, South Africa [European]	1.00
Finland	.25
Leipzig, Saxony	.15

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #15

The matches for the haplotype below were filtered by DYS438 and DYS439 values of 12, in order to restrict the

results to likely R1b haplotypes, and to screen out convergent haplotypes belonging to haplogroup N.

There was only one resulting match. This fell in Northern Italy, and really provides way too little information

to speculate on the origin of this haplotype.

A value of 14 for both DYS392 and DYS393 does not appear typical of any R1b sub-variant, and may be interpreted

as a local or a personal mutation.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 438 439 14 13 - 24 11 14 14 12 12
Geographical Locale	%
Brescia, Italy	.94

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #16

The matches for the haplotype below were also filtered by DYS438 and DYS439 values of 12, and the results are

similarly too sparse to facilitate interpretation. Taken together, however, the results for both haplotypes vaguely suggest an

origin in Central Europe, perhaps among Celtic or Germanic populations.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 438 439 14 13 - 24 10 14 14 12 12
Geographical Locale	%
Stuttgart, Germany	.44

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #17

The match pattern for the haplotype below so closely resembles what you would expect for an N haplotype that it

is impossible to discount convergence. The matches in Estonia, Poland, Finland, Norway and Sweden are all suspect.

The remaining European matches fall in Germany, and may or may not be N haplotypes as well. If not, this would suggest

a Germanic origin for this R1b haplotype, which is typical of R1b haplotypes with a DYS390 value of 23.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 - 23 11 14 14 11 14
Geographical Locale	%
Florida, USA [European]	4.55
Bialystok, Poland [Old Believers]	1.55
Tartu, Estonia	.75
Muenster, Germany	.51
Northern Norway	.27
Finland	.25
Sweden	.25
Stuttgart, Germany	.22
Berlin, Germany	.18
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	.08

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #18

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 438 14 14 30 23 11 14 14 12
Geographical Locale	%
Bonn, Germany	1.11

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #19

Considering that R1b haplotypes with DYS393 values of 14 run the risk of convergence with haplotypes from

different haplogroups found in Asia, the most relevant matches for the one below are those occurring in Western Europe.

There are three such matches in Germany, and one in Belgium, suggesting an Anglo-Saxon, Flemish or some other

Germanic origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 30 24 11 13 14 11 14
Geographical Locale	%
Boyaca, Colombia [Mestizo]	2.63
Pennsylvania, USA [European]	1.49
Mainz, Germany	.96
Brussels, Belgium	.80
Taraz, Kazakhstan	.57
Rostock, Germany	.41
Buenos Aires, Argentina [European]	.31
USA [African American]	.28
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	.22
Stuttgart, Germany	.16
Antioquia, Colombia [Mestizo]	.08

R1b DYS393=14 Haplotype #20

The haplotype below is found only in one small Scandinavian sample in YHRD, so there is no reason why

it may not have come to Britain with the Vikings.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 - 25 11 13 14 11 13
Geographical Locale	%
Varmland, Sweden	2.38

R1b DYS393=15 Haplotype #1

The top match frequency for this very rare haplotype falls among the Basques, and two of the other three fall in

Northern Italy and the Rhineland, both parts of that Central European region considered to be the home of the

Celts. This haplotype most likely came to Britain with the prehistoric Iberians - or with later Celtic invaders.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 - 24 11 13 15 11 14
Geographical Locale	%
Northern Spain [Basque]	.60
Lombardy, Italy	.55
Rostock, Mecklenburg	.49
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg	.23