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Haplogroup R1b (DYS391=10)

The Atlantic Modal Haplotype has many variants. Any basic haplotype that differs from

the AMH values of 14-12-24-11-13-13 by a single step, on any marker, in any direction, is

still considered part of AMH. The haplotypes below exhibit the basic marker values

14-12-24-10-13-13, which puts them in that category.

Analysis of the various R1b haplotypes with these markers shows predictably high

frequencies in typical Iberian and "Celtic" locales, yet with hints of both Scandinavian or

Germanic influences in many cases. This suggests that this haplotype may have entered

Britain occasionally with the Normans, the Anglo-Saxons or the Flemish, as well as with

the Iberians or the Celts.

We tentatively conclude that DYS391=10 does not signify a subgroup of R1b

with a specific geographical bias.

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #10

Most of the hits for this haplotype are in areas with known Celtic histories, such

as Portugal, Northern Italy and Switzerland. This haplotype could have entered

Britain with prehistoric migrants from Iberia or later Celtic settlers. Considering

the strong Mediterranean character of the match pattern, this haplotype may also

have come to Britain with Roman colonization.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
13 13 29 24 10 13 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Indiana [European-American] 2.70
Bologna, Italy 1.96
Cape Town, South Africa [European] 1.00
Lausanne, Western Switzerland .93
Southern Portugal .89
Lombardy, Northern Italy .55
Central Portugal .54
Sicily, Southern Italy .50
Barcelona, Catalonia .46
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Leipzig, Saxony .15

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #11

Although this haplotype is very rare, it is found in Galicia in the

Celtic region of Spain. It most likely entered Britain with the prehistoric

Iberians or later Celtic settlers.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
13 15 31 24 10 13 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia .98

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #12

This haplotype is rare, due to its unusual DYS389i,ii values. Despite its

rarity, its match pattern is fairly unambiguous. Outside of London, all the hits

are focused in Northeastern Germany and an adjacent portion of Northern

Poland. This strongly suggests an Anglo-Saxon or Scandinavian origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 11 27 24 10 13 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
London, England .40
Gdansk, Northern Poland .18
Leipzig, Saxony .15

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #13

This partial haplotype is the superset of another haplotype with

a strongly Germanic orientation. Some of the additional hits

support this orientation. Emilia Romagna was controlled by

both Ostrogoths and Lombards for centuries. Umbria was

also controlled by Lombards. Zaragoza was an early center

of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain, and Argentina has had

a large number of German immigrants.

The highest frequencies are, however, in Northern Italy, Portugal,

Switzerland and Northern Spain. Taken at face value, this haplotype

suggests a Celtic or Iberian origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 - 27 24 10 13 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Oregon [European-American] 2.38
Umbria, Italy 1.96
Emilia Romagna, Italy 1.12
Madeira, Portugal 1.02
Cordoba, Argentina 1.00
Lausanne, Switzerland .93
Zaragoza, Aragon .80
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
London, England .40
Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt .35
Gdansk, Northern Poland .18
Leipzig, Saxony .15

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #14

This haplotype is rare, and its match pattern is ambiguous.

The single Italian hit could have a Celtic, Mediterranean or Germanic

origin, suggesting that this haplotype could have entered Britain

with many different population groups.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 - 26 24 10 13 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Latium, Central Italy .45

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #15

This haplotype is also rare, and could suggest either an Anglo-Saxon,

Iberian or Celtic origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 13 29 24 10 13 13 13 15

Geographical Locale

 %
Texas [European-American] 1.28
Cordoba, Argentina [Europeans] 1.00
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #16

The high frequencies of matches in both Portugal and the Low Countries may

reflect the movements of Sephardic Jews during the Middle Ages. This haplotype,

in that case, may have entered Britain with the Flemish allies of the Normans.

However, despite the historical connection between Portugal, The

Netherlands and Sephardic Jews, one must note that two things:

1) R1b, unlike E3b and J2, is not more closely associated

with the Jews than with other populations.

2) The highest frequencies of R1b haplotypes OVERALL occur in

Iberia, the Celtic fringe of the British Isles, and The Low Countries.

Hence, R1b haplotypes that exhibit high frequencies in both

Portugal and The Netherlands simply match the norm

for their haplogroup.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 29 24 10 13 13 11 15

Geographical Locale

 %
Zeeland, Southwestern Netherlands 2.17
Northern Portugal 1.65
Brussels, Belgium 1.60
Caceres, Central-West Spain 1.09
Szeged, Hungary 1.00
Central Portugal 1,08
Southern Portugal .89
Cologne, Westphalia .74
Dusseldorf, Westphalia .67
New York City [African-American] .67
Zagreb, Croatia .67
Sicily, Southern Italy .50
Sao Paulo, Brazil [Europeans] .45
London, England .40
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #17

The haplotype below is common and widespread. Among the fifteen highest frequencies,

five occur among Iberian or Hispanic populations, two occur in The Low Countries, and at

least two others occur in populations with known Sephardic Jewish settlement - Bern, Venice

and perhaps also Tehran and Poland.

Bern, Venice and Northern Portugal, in fact, rank highest among European locales.

This haplotype could always have come to Britain with the prehistoric Iberians, but it

may also have arrived with the Sephardic Jews who accompanied the Flemish allies

of the Normans.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 13 28 24 10 13 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Pennsylvania [Hispanic-American] 3.13
Bern, Switzerland 2.20
Connecticut [Hispanic-American] 1.92
Veneto, Italy 1.67
Northern Portugal 1.65
Wroclaw, Poland 1.65
Denmark 1.59
Puglia, Italy 1.43
Madrid, Central-East Spain 1.35
Texas [European-American] 1.28
Tehran, Iran 1.25
Netherlands 1.15
Leiden, Netherlands 1.04
Madeira, Portugal 1.02
Strasbourg, Alsace 1.01
Southern Portugal .89
Hamburg, Northern Germany .88
Zaragoza, Aragon .83
Pyrenees, Spain .75
New York City [European-American] .65
Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussia] .64
Andulacia, Southern Spain .61
Munster, Westphalia .51
Sicily, Southern Italy .50
Antioquia, Colombia [European] .49
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .46
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European] .45
Tyrol, Austria .44
London, England .40
Chemnitz, Saxony .37
Berlin, Brandenburg .36
Argentina [European] .33

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #18

The match pattern below is widely scattered, and allows for multiple

interpretations. There appears to be a strong bias towards France

and Spain, which may suggest an ultimate origin among the Celts of

Western Europe, such as the original inhabitants of Gaul.

However, the presence of Armenia doesn't quite fit. Nor, really, does

Marche, Italy, with its history of invasion from the Goths, the Byzantines

and the Lombards. Nonetheless, the Celtic Galatians colonized Anatolia

and Celts were present in Northern Italy.

If this signature is not Celtic, it may be Germanic. The matches appear to cluster

in France and Eastern Spain in a pattern congruent with the boundaries of the old

Visigothic kingdom. The matches in the Caucasus, Saxony and Marche could

also be attributed to Germanic wanderings.

The pairing of French and Iberian locales, with a tinge of the Western Asian, suggests a

third possibility - that of Sephardic emigration from Iberia to France.

Whether Celtic, Germanic or Sephardic in origin, the Franco-Iberian bias suggests that

this haplotype may have come to Britain with the Normans or their allies.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 14 30 24 10 13 13 12 -

Geographical Locale

 %
Caucasus [Armenian] 1.00
Marche, Italy .93
Paris, France .92
El Salvador .83
Lyon, France .80
Pyrenees, Spain .75
Andulacia, Southern Spain .61
Barcelona, Catalonia .45
Argentina [European] .33
Antioquia, Colombia [European] .24
Leipzig, Saxony .15