This partial haplotype is a tricky one. Like many R1b haplotypes with DYS19 values of 15, it exhibits a vaguely

bipolar distribution among samples of Iberian (or Hispanic) or Northeast European origin. Yet its highest frequency

occurs in Syria. Judging from its geographical match pattern, this haplotype could have come to Britain with

Vikings, Germans, prehistoric Iberians or even Middle Eastern merchants or Roman auxiliaries. As an R1b, it is

most likely of native British origin, but it does have the distribution of a real wild card.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 24 10 13 13 11 15
Geographical Locale	%
Ireland	4.61
Florida [Hispanic-American]	4.35
Maryland [Hispanic-American]	3.85
Virginia [European-American]	3.28
Louisiana [European-American]	3.23
Pennsylvania [Hispanic-American]	3.13
Oslo, Norway	3.00
Cologne, Westphalia	2.96
Indiana [African-American]	2.70
Virginia [Hispanic-American]	2.17
Virginia [African-American]	2.13
Dusseldorf, Westphalia	2.00
Bologna, Italy	1.96
Umbria, Italy	1.96
Marche, Italy	1.85
Uppsala, Sweden	1.75
Missouri [European-American]	1.69
Brussels, Belgium	1.60
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [European]	1.59
Pyrenees, Spain	1.49
Texas [Hispanic-American]	1.35
Baranya, Hungary [Romani]	1.28
Texas [European-American]	1.28
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Dresden, Saxony	1.16
Netherlands	1.15
Asturias, Spain	1.11
Bern, Switzerland	1.10
Caceres, Spain	1.10
London, England	1.05
Leiden, Netherlands	1.04
Strasbourg, France	1.01
Argentina [European]	1.00
Cantabria, Northern Spain	.99
Lausanne, Switzerland	.93
Tuscany, Italy	.92
Barcelona, Catalonia	.90
Southern Portugal	.89
Central Portugal	.87
Lyon, France	.80
Choco, Colombia [African]	.75
Valencia, Spain	.71
Bogota, Colombia [European]	.68
New York City [African-American]	.67
Switzerland	.67
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	.67
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.66
Munster, Westphalia	.51
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg	.46
Latium, Italy	.45
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	.44
Munich, Bavaria	.40
Berlin, Brandenburg	.36
London, England [Afro-Caribbean]	.34
Northern Portugal	.32
Leipzig, Saxony	.15
Chemnitz, Saxony	.12

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #24

The highest match frequencies for the haplotype below occur in Iberia and among Hispanic Americans. Indeed, the top

frequency occurs among Basques. There are many other matches among Iberians, Hispanics and Latin Americans, and

most of the non-Iberian European matches fall in areas of known Celtic settlement, such as Switzerland, Northern Italy,

the Rhine Valley and The Netherlands.

It is overwhelmingly likely that this haplotype came to Britain with the prehistoric Iberians or later Celtic migrants.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 14 30 24 10 13 13 11 14
Geographical Locale	%
Northern Spain [Basque]	2.38
Oregon [Hispanic-American]	2.38
Madeira, Portugal	2.04
Zaragoza, Aragon	1.67
Maryland [African-American]	1.37
Texas [Hispanic-American]	1.35
New York City [African-American]	1.33
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Netherlands	1.15
Emilia Romagna, Italy	1.12
Bern, Switzerland	1.10
Strasbourg, Alsace	1.01
Cantabria, Northern Spain	.99
Marche, Italy	.93
Barcelona, Catalonia	.89
El Salvador	.83
Brussels, Belgium	.80
Kurds, Iraq	.80
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	.74
Valencia, Spain	.71
Bogota, Colombia [European]	.68
New York City [European-Amercan]	.65
Vilnius, Lithuania	.64
Andulacia, Southern Spain	.61
Lombardy, Italy	.55
Munster, Westphalia	.51
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg	.46
Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt	.35
Argentina [European]	.33
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	.22
Berlin, Brandenburg	.18
Gdansk, Poland	.18
Leipzig, Saxony	.12

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #25

The haplotype below occurs predominantly in Iberian or Latin American samples, although it also occurs in the

Netherlands, the Rhineland and Northern Italy. All these areas belong to the Celtiberian ethnosphere where R1b is

most common. This haplotype most likely came to Britain with prehistoric Iberians, or with later Celtic immigrants.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 14 30 24 10 13 13 11 15
Geographical Locale	%
Florida [Hispanic-American]	4.35
Limburg, Netherlands	2.00
Maryland, USA [European-American]	1.56
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	1.23
Emilia Romagna, Italy	1.12
Cantabria, Spain	.99
Mainz, Rhenish-Palatinate	.96
Choco, Colombia [African]	.75
New York City [African-American]	.67
New York City [Hispanic-American]	.67
Andulacia, Spain	.61
Northern Spain [Basque]	.60
Latium, Italy	.45
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.93

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #26

This haplotype is quite common and exhibits a very interesting match pattern. There are many matches

in the usual Celtic or Celtiberian areas - Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Northern Italy and

the Rhineland. In fact, the only two locales with multiple matches are in Spain and Brazil.

Yet at the same time there are several matches in Eastern Europe, and the two highest match frequencies

are actually in Sweden and northwestern Greece.

This haplotype most likely came to Britain with the Iberians or the Celts, but it may also have come from

other sources. There is a distinct hit in this match pattern - with its mixture of Southeastern Europe, the

Baltic, Portugal and Northern Italy - of the Germanic wanderings of the first millennium. This haplotype

might therefore have come to Britain with Roman troops of Germanic or Southeastern European origin, or

even with the Anglo-Saxons or the Danes. After all, two of the three highest match frequencies do fall in

Scandinavia and The Low Countries.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 15 13 29 24 10 13 13 11 14
Geographical Locale	%
Epirus, Greece	7.14
Varmland, Sweden	2.33
Zeeland, Netherlands	2.17
Valencia, Spain	2.14
Emilia Romagna, Italy	1.12
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	1.12
Leiden, Netherlands	1.04
Cantabria, Spain	.99
Mainz, Rhenish-Palatinate	.96
Krakow, Poland	.93
Marche, Italy	.93
Southern Portugal	.89
Ljubljana, Slovenia	.83
Lublin, Poland	.75
Cologne, Westphalia	.74
Dusseldorf, Westphalia	.67
New York City [Hispanic-American]	.67
Switzerland	.67
Madrid, Spain	.66
Andulacia, Spain	.61
Munich, Bavaria	.39
London, England	.35
Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt	.35
Northern Portugal	.32
Antioquia, Colombia [European]	.25
Leipzig, Saxony	.15

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #27

The match pattern for this haplotype suggests an origin in Southern Europe. There several matches in Spain, and

among Latin Americans, so this haplotype may be - and probably is, in the case of a "Border Reiver" descendant -

of prehistoric Iberian origin. That would be typical of any pre-Roman or pre-Celtic Briton.

However, two of the top match frequencies, and 5 out of 9 matches in Europe proper, occur in Albania and Greece.

A related haplotype, with the same DYS385a,b values of 11,11, but with a DYS391 value of 11, also exhibits its highest

match frequency in this area. It is possible that this haplotype originated in Southeastern Europe, and was spread across

the Mediterranean by Greek trading operations in Iberia, and then later to Britain with Roman expansion.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 24 10 13 13 11 11
Geographical Locale	%
Albania	3.96
Cape Town, South Africa [European]	2.00
Strasbourg, Alsace	1.01
Athens, Greece	.99
El Salvador	.83
Pyrenees, Spain	.75
Valencia, Spain	.71
New York City [Hispanic-American]	.67
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	.22
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.22

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #28

Most of the matches for this haplotype fall in Spain and Portugal, so it most likely came to Britain with the prehistoric

Iberians many thousands of years ago. Nonetheless, the highest match frequency falls in Sweden, and the only locale with

multiple matches is Leipzig, with 3 hits. It is theoretically possible that the haplotype is of Germanic origin, and came

to Iberia with the Visigoths - and to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons or the Danes.

However, recent discussions on the DNA Genealogy message board have acknowledged that AMH-like haplotypes with

DYS390 values of 10 are common among Scots, which bolsters the argument that this haplotype is of native British origin

(i.e., "Iberian").

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 24 10 13 13 10 14
Geographical Locale	%
Skaraborg, Sweden	2.13
Buenos Aires, Argentina [European]	1.00
Pyrenees, Spain	.75
Andulacia, Spain	.61
Barcelona, Catalonia	.45
Leipzig, Saxony	.45
Central Portugal	.43
Northern Portugal	.32

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #29

Two of the three highest European match frequencies, and half the actual European matches, fall in England.

That is very unusual for any YHRD distribution, and could be construed to indicate a Native British (i.e., prehistoric

Iberian) origin - especially since the second highest European frequency falls in Spain.

However, DYS390 values of 23 are generally associated with such "North Sea Celtic" areas as Germany, Denmark

and the Netherlands, DYS385a,b values of 11,13 are associated with similar areas, and the match pattern below really

includes only one match in Iberia - while all the rest fall in England, Germany and Northern Italy. Considering all these

factors, this haplotype could easily just be Anglo-Saxon.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 23 10 13 13 11 13
Geographical Locale	%
Florida [European-American]	4.55
Birmingham, England	1.03
Buenos Aires, Argentina [European]	1.00
Pyrenees, Spain	.75
London, England	.70
Munster, Wesphalia	.51
Tuscany, Italy	.46
London, England [Afro-Caribbean]	.34
Berlin, Brandenburg	.18

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #30

The Cajuns are a mixture of French, Spanish, Creole and British American - and much of the French hails from

Saint-Onge and Poitou, which are close to Spain. The other matches here fall in Spain, Latin America and Ireland.

This haplotype most likely came to the British Isles with the prehistoric Iberians.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 12 29 23 10 13 13 11 14
Geographical Locale	%
Cajun [European-American]	4.55
Bogota, Colombia [European]	.68
Ireland	.66
Barcelona, Catalonia	.45

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #31

Nearly all of the matches for the haplotype below fall among Iberian or Hispanic samples. Almost the only exceptions

are Ireland and London. This haplotype is clearly of Iberian origin, and has probably been in the British Isles since

prehistoric times.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 14 31 24 10 13 13 11 14
Geographical Locale	%
Northern Spain [Basque]	2.98
Reunion Island [Creole Metis]	2.17
Valencia, Spain	2.14
Connecticut [Hispanic-American]	1.92
Buenos Aires, Argentina [European]	1.00
Cantabria, Spain	.99
Bogota, Colombia [European]	.68
Ireland	.66
Argentina [European]	.65
Barcelona, Catalonia	.45
Latium, Italy	.45
London, England	.35
Andulacia/Extremadura, Spain	.26

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #32

This haplotype has a wide range, appearing all over Western Europe. It is nonetheless very interesting that five of the top

seven match frequencies fall in Italy. As a consequence, this is one of those rare R1b haplotypes that may actually have come

to Britain with the Romans - even though its broad range conversely suggests that it may simply be native British in origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 24 10 13 13 12 14
Geographical Locale	%
Pantellaria, Italy	4.76
Florida [European-American]	4.55
Alcamo, Italy	4.38
Maryland [European-American]	3.13
Trapani, Italy	3.03
Vasterbotten, Sweden	2.44
Madeira, Portugal	2.04
Bologna, Italy	1.96
Missouri [African-American]	1.79
Illinois [Hispanic-American]	1.49
Texas [African-American]	1.45
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European]	1.12
Asturias, Spain	1.11
Santiago de Compostela, Spain	.97
Lausanne, Switzerland	.93
Zaragoza, Spain	.83
Brussels, Belgium	.80
Lyon, France	.80
Sweden	.74
Hamburg, Germany	.73
USA [Hispanic-American]	.73
Munich, Germany	.71
Valencia, Spain	.71
Bogota, Colombia	.68
Dusseldorf, Germany	.67
New York City [Hispanic-American]	.67
Switzerland	.67
Verona, Italy	.65
Central Portugal	.61
Northern Portugal	.53
Andulacia/Extremadura, Spain	.52
Reunion Island [Creole Blanc]	.51
Greifswald, Germany	.48
Stuttgart, Germany	.40
USA [European-American]	.39
London, England	.35
Freiburg, Germany	.23
Berlin, Germany	.18
Argentina [European]	.16

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #33

The match table below was prepared for a Border Reiver entry with DYS385a,b values of 8,14. This is the closest

haplotype we could find in YHRD. A single match falls in Denmark, which hints - and, indeed, only hints - of an

Anglo-Danish origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 24 10 13 13 9 14
Geographical Locale	%
Denmark	.40

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #34

The R1b variation with DYS19/390/391/392/393 values of 14/23/10/13/13 is sometimes referred to as "Alpine",

and the top matches below are indeed in the vicinity of the Alps - Switzerland and Northern Italy. The top match

is among American Hispanics, and two other matches fall in England and Germany.

In keeping with the party line on R1b DYS390=23, we suggest that this haplotype is largely Germanic or Central

European in orientation, and may have come to Britain with either Anglo-Saxons or La Tene Celts.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 29 23 10 13 13 11 11
Geographical Locale	%
Texas [Hispanic-American]	1.35
Bern, Switzerland	1.10
Lombardy, Italy	.55
London, England	.35
Chemnitz, Germany	.12

R1b DYS391=10 Haplotype #35

The haplotype below is found among Hispanic and Basque populations - but also in two Scandinavian samples.

It could be of prehistoric Iberian origin, or it may have come to Britain with Vikings of Paleolithic Western European

ancestry.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 14 30 24 10 13 13 11 13
Geographical Locale	%
Skaraborg, Sweden	2.27
Isla de Toas, Venezuela [European]	1.49
Northern Spain [Basque]	.60
Rio Negro, Argentina [European]	.45
Northern Norway	.27
Chemnitz, Germany	.12