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Haplogroup I2b

Scientists believe that haplogroup I originated with the Gravettian culture of Paleolithic Europe.

A newly identified subclade, I2b, which has occasionally been mistaken for a variant of haplogroup G

in previous studies, occurs in parts of Northern Ireland and Western Scotland, as well as in the Northern

Germanic parts of Europe.

Like I1, I2b is believed to have originated during the Paleolithic, and to have taken refuge

from the Ice Age in Iberia. Afterwards, it spread into other portions of Europe,

especially The Low Countries, Germany and, possibly, the British Isles.

Many of the Celts who colonized the British Isles from continental Europe may have

belonged to I2b. I2b may even have come to the British Isles far earlier.

The Caledonians, a Pictish tribe that was defeated by Agricola at the battle of

Mons Graupius, were described as Germanic in appearance. Other tribes were

described as dark and Iberian. This anecdotal evidence of an ethnic difference

among the aborigines of Britain does suggest a mixture of haplogroups in their ancestry.

It also supports the coexistence of both "Iberian" R1b and "Germanic" I2b on British

soil prior to either Roman or Anglo-Saxon colonization.

(For more information on the various subclades of haplogroup I, read this excellent study.)

I2b Haplotype #17

This haplotype shows its highest frequencies is parts of Spain once occupied by the Visigoths,

and in Western Norway.

This haplotype may have come to Britain with the Norse Vikings, or with the Normans,

whose troops and supporters included many of Visigothic as well as of Norse descent.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 - 22 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Caceres, Spain 2.20
Western Norway 1.53
Barcelona, Catalonia .89
Leipzig, Saxony .30

I2b Haplotype #18

All of the European hits are in England and Germany, so this

haplotype is most likely Anglo-Saxon.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 31 23 10 12 15 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Texas [African-American] 1.45
Munster, Westphalia 1.02
London, England .40
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European] .22
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Leipzig, Saxony .15
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I2b Haplotype #19

This haplotype is uncommon, and its match pattern is too scattered to suggest

a particular ancestry. It appears vaguely Germanic, however, and may have come

to Britain with the Normans or the Anglo-Saxons.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
16 13 29 23 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Indiana [African-American] 2.70
Virginia [European-American] 1.64
Lyon, France .80
Dusseldorf, Westphalia .67
Lombardy, Italy .55
Munich, Bavaria .40
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European] .22
Berlin, Brandenburg .18

I2b Haplotype #20

The appearance of Ireland and Portugal among the higher frequencies

is more typical of an R1b haplotype. This is suggestive of a Celtic origin.

However, some of the other matches suggest that an alternate origin in

the Balkans or Western Germany. This haplotype may, in that case,

have spread to Iberia with the Suevi or the Visigoths - and to

Ireland with the descendants of the Normans or the Anglo-Saxons.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 - 24 10 12 15 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Maryland [European-American] 3.13
Oregon [European-American] 2.86
Ireland 2.40
Missouri [European-American] 1.69
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European] 1.54
Azores, Portugal 1.47
Cape Town, South Africa [European] 1.00
Albania .99
Bulgaria .82
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [European] .79
Tartu, Estonia .75
London, England .70
Dusseldorf, Westphalia .67
Central Portugal .41
USA [African-American] .39
Munich, Bavaria .36
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Northern Portugal .18
Leipzig, Saxony .15

I2b Haplotype #21

This is a rare haplotype, but the top hits are in Northern and Western Germany.

This haplotype most likely came to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
17 13 29 23 10 12 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate .96
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
Luzon, Phillipines .47

I2b Haplotype #22

The highest frequencies for this haplotype fall mostly in Scandinavia, overwhelmingly

in Sweden. But there are also matches in French or Franco-American locales, and in

The Low Countries. This haplotype most likely originated with the Vikings, but could

have entered Britain with Normans of Scandinavian descent.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 32 2233 10 12 14 15 15

Geographical Locale

 %
Vasterbotten, Sweden 7.32
Louisiana [European-American] 3.23
Varmland, Sweden 2.33
Western Norway 1.56
Leiden, Netherlands 1.04
Szeged, Hungary 1.00
Santiago de Compostela, Galicia .97
Brussels, Belgium .80
Lyon, France .80
New York City [European-American] .65
Sweden .49
London, England .40
Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt .35
Leipzig, Saxony .30
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I2b Haplotype #23

There is little reason to think that this haplotype came from anywhere

but Germany, and was associated with Anglo-Saxon settlement.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 2233 10 12 15 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Pennsylvania [European-American] 1.49
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I2b Haplotype #24

This haplotype is very rare, but most likely Anglo-Saxon in origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 16 34 2233 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I2b Haplotype #25

This haplotype is quite common, but exhibits its highest frequencies

in Scandinavia. It also appears in Ireland, and at somewhat lesser levels in The

Netherlands, Switzerland and the Rhineland.

It may have come to Britain with the Normans, the Flemish or the Anglo-Saxons -

but the best bets are the Norse Vikings.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 31 2233 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Missouri [European-American] 3.39
Oslo, Norway 3.00
Vasterbotten, Sweden 2.44
Ostergotland/Jonkoping, Sweden 2.38
Virginia [European-American] 1.64
Western Norway 1.56
Ireland 1.32
Eastern Norway 1.18
Netherlands 1.15
Pakistan [Parsi] 1.11
Bern, Switzerland 1.10
Leiden, Netherlands 1.04
Strasbourg, Alsace 1.01
Athens, Greece .99
Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate .96
Hamburg, Germany .88
Pyrenees, Spain .74
London, England .70
Madrid, Spain .68
Switzerland .67
Zagreb, Croatia .67
Berlin, Brandenburg .54
Budapest, Hungary .52
Munster, Westphalia .51
Chemnitz, Saxony .24
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg .22
Leipzig, Saxony .15

I2b Haplotype #26

The haplotype below exhibits its highest match frequency in Norway, and virtually all of its other matches occur in

areas of Germanic settlement - including Emilia Romagna and Marche, which lay at the center of the Ostrogothic

kingdom of the 6th century C.E. There is some convergence with Asiatic haplotypes - the Malay match in particular.

(The Csango of Romania are a minority of Hungarian Uralic origin, and may also exhibit Asiatic Y-DNA signatures.)

This haplotype may have come to Britain with any Teutonic group - Danes, Norse, Anglo-Saxons or Roman

troops from any of a number of Germanic tribes. It certainly does not appear to be one of those I2b haplotypes

native to British Celtic populations.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 29 2233 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Oslo, Norway 3.00
Graz, Austria 1.54
Lunca de Sus, Romania [Csango] 1.19
Emilia Romagna, Italy 1.12
Marche, Italy .93
Hamburg, Germany .88
Malaysia [Malay] .36
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg .22
Berlin, Brandenburg .23
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I2b Haplotype #27

The single European match for the haplotype below occurs in a Basque sample, and the match in Maryland could easily

be Anglo-Celtic in origin. The match pattern alone is enough to make us think that this haplotype might actually belong to

subclade I2a2, which is relatively common in Ireland and among the Basques, and seems to be associated with Western

European populations.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
16 12 29 2233 10 12 15 - 14

Geographical Locale

 %
Maryland [European-American] 1.56
Northern Spain [Basque] .60

I2b Haplotype #28

The single match below falls in the Alpine region of Central Europe. Considering that this is a likely I2b haplotype,

this match could suggest either a Celtic or a Germanic origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 2243 10 12 15 15 16

Geographical Locale

 %
Tyrol, Austria .43

I2b Haplotype #29

The haplotype below is uncommon, but the few matches suggest a Germanic origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
17 13 - 23 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Tyrol, Austria .44
Berlin, Brandenburg .18

I2b Haplotype #30

The few matches for the haplotype below fall exclusively in Germany, suggesting an Anglo-Saxon origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 32 22 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Magdeburg, Germany .35
Freiburg, Germany .23

I2b Haplotype #31

The match pattern for the haplotype below falls almost exclusively in the Germanic language nations of Northern Europe,

with the highest frequencies in Sweden, the Netherlands, England and Switzerland. This haplotype could easily have come

to Britain with the Angles, the Danes or the Flemish.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 32 23 10 12 14 14 15

Geographical Locale

 %
Gotland, Sweden 2.44
Groningen, Netherlands 2.08
Birmingham, England 2.06
Missouri [European-American] 1.69
Bern, Switzerland 1.10
Leiden, Netherlands 1.04
Wladiwostok, Russia [European] .68
Dusseldorf, Germany .67
Ljubljana, Slovenia .56
Cologne, Germany .43
Denmark .40
Magdeburg, Germany .35
Gdansk, Poland .18
Argentina [European] .16

I2b Haplotype #32

All of the European matches fall in Central Europe, half in Germany. This haplotype could have come to

Britain with the Anglo-Saxons, and is unlikely to have been of indigenous origin.

(Please note the results for this match table were additionally filtered for DYS438 values of 10,

to ensure that only "I" haplotypes were selected from YHRD.)

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
13 13 30 24 10 11 13 16 19

Geographical Locale

 %
Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina 2.86
Stuttgart, Germany .66
Central Bohemia, Czechia .40
Argentina [European] .16

I2b Haplotype #33

The only match for this haplotype falls in Belgium, which would be consistent with an origin among the peoples

of the North Sea coast, such as the Flemish, the Saxons or the Frisians.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
17 12 29 23 10 11 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Leuven, Belgium .88
Stuttgart, Germany .66
Central Bohemia, Czechia .40
Argentina [European] .16