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Haplogroup I1c

Scientists believe that haplogroup I originated with the Gravettian culture of Paleolithic Europe.

A newly identified subclade, I1c, which has occasionally been mistaken for a variant of haplogroup G

in previous studies, occurs in parts of Northern Ireland and Western Scotland, as well as in the Northern

Germanic parts of Europe.

Like I1a, I1c is believed to have originated during the Paleolithic, and to have taken refuge

from the Ice Age in Iberia. Afterwards, it spread into other portions of Europe,

especially The Low Countries, Germany and, possibly, the British Isles.

Many of the Celts who colonized the British Isles from continental Europe may have

belonged to I1c. I1c may even have come to the British Isles far earlier.

The Caledonians, a Pictish tribe that was defeated by Agricola at the battle of

Mons Graupius, were described as Germanic in appearance. Other tribes were

described as dark and Iberian. This anecdotal evidence of an ethnic difference

among the aborigines of Britain does suggest a mixture of haplogroups in their ancestry.

It also supports the coexistence of both "Iberian" R1b and "Germanic" I1c on British

soil prior to either Roman or Anglo-Saxon colonization.

(For more information on the various subclades of haplogroup I, read this excellent study.)

I1c Haplotype #11

This haplotype is uncommon for its haplogroup as most of its matches appear

in non-Germanic nations. It could be a Gothic signature, as the Goths originated

near Pomerania, and held territority in France, Northern Italy and Eastern Spain.

It could also be a Norman signature, as the Normans were active in Italy and

Spain as well. It does not appear to be either Anglo-Saxon or Scandinavian.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
14 13 30 23 10 12 14 -3 -

Geographical Locale

 %
El Salvador 1.67
Paris, France .92
Latium, Central Italy .90
Zaragoza, Aragon .83
Lombardy, Central Italy .55
Greifswald, Pomerania .48
London, England .40
Valencia, Eastern Spain ,71

I1c Haplotype #12

Since we have generated the numbers for this haplotype to accommodate a

"Border Reiver" participant with similar matches in the Family Tree DNA database,

we suspect that the matches in Pakistan and India reflect convergence with assorted

"H" haplotypes. The matches in East Asia may also be examples of convergence.

Among the European matches, those in France and Northern Italy rank highest.

The match in the Caucasus may also be genuine.

Considering that this haplotype is "I", we surmise that it is East Germanic in origin,

and was spread by the Goths. Since the Visigoths settled in large numbers in

various parts of France, this haplotype may have come to Britain with the

Norman invasion.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 13 - 23 10 12 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Pakistan [Burusho] 5.32
Caucasus [Rutulian] 4.55
Bologna, Italy 1.96
Pakistan [Pathan] 1.08
Strasbourg, Alsace 1.01
Panjab, India .93
Paris, France .92
El Salvador .83
Veneto, Italy .83
London, England [Asian] .76
Luzon, Phillipines .48
Tuscany, Italy .46
Cheonan, South Korea .32
Antioquia, Colombia [European] .25
Taiwan [Han] .21
Berlin, Brandenburg .18

I1c Haplotype #13

The highest frequencies for this haplotype include Denmark,

Netherlands and Hamburg. Most of the other hits also occur

in Germany. This haplotype most likely came to Britain with

the Anglo-Saxons, the Flemish or the Danes.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 29 23 10 12 15 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Denmark 1.59
Netherlands 1.15
Albania .99
Hamburg, Northern Germany .88
Veneto, Northern Italy .83
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg .65
Budapest, Hungary .51
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Berlin, Brandenburg .18

I1c Haplotype #14

The five highest frequencies for this haplotype include Norway, a Greenland sample

that is probably Danish, two locations in Northern Germany and one in Austria.

The rest of the hits include anywhere from Greece to Ireland, and from Sweden

to Hungary. This range may reflect the migrations of the Germanic people in

the middle of the first millennium, or the incursions of the Vikings later on.

This haplotype most likely has a Danish or an Anglo-Saxon origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 - 23 10 12 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Oslo, Norway 3.03
Hamburg, Northern Germany 1.75
Graz, Austria 1.54
Dresden, Saxony 1.47
Greenland [Inuit] 1.45
Emilia Romagna, Italy 1.12
Bern, Switzerland 1.09
Buenos Aires, Argentina [European] 1.00
Athens, Greece .99
Ireland .93
Lausanne, Switzerland .93
March, Eastern Italy .93
Wroclaw, Western Poland .83
Munich, Bavaria .80
Sweden .75
Dusseldorf, Westphalia .67
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg .65
Budapest, Hungary .51
Sicily, Southern Italy .50
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .46
Tuscany, Central Italy .46
Barcelona, Catalonia .45
Tyrol, Western Austria .44
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I1c Haplotype #15

This haplotype is uncommon, but essentially Germanic.

It most likely came to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 23 10 12 15 -3 -

Geographical Locale

 %
Pennsylvania [European-American] 1.49
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I1c Haplotype #16

This haplotype is too uncommon for definitive analysis, but the match

pattern does suggest that it was spread by the Goths. It could have come

to Britain with the Romans or the Normans, as easily as with the Vikings

or the Anglo-Saxons.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 29 24 10 12 14 -3 -

Geographical Locale

 %
Bulgaria .82
Northern Portugal .54