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Haplogroup I1b

The undifferentiated subclade of Haplogroup I1b (or I1b*) is centered in the Balkans,

where its founders may have taken refuge from the Ice Age. After the Ice Age, I1b* spread into

Eastern Europe. Unlike subclade I1a, it is not commonly found in Scandinavia and Western Europe.

Where it is found in Britain at all, it may reflect the genetic influence of Roman troops and settlers,

many of whom came from the Balkans or other parts of southeastern Europe.

Another subclade, I1b2, may have originated in Sardinia and spread into Iberia and France,

later migrating to the British Isles during the upper Paleolithic.

A recent study has indicated that subclade I1b2, although far more common in Sardinia than

anywhere else, also occurs among the Basques, and in Ireland at a rate of about 2.6 percent.

Since I1b2 is found among the Basques and the Irish, one may assume that it was part of the

genetic make-up of the aboriginal population of Western Europe - a kind of junior partner to the

much more widely prevalent AMH.

I1b Haplotype #1

This haplotype may reflect the movement of the Germanic tribes -

particularly the Goths - during the period of The Great Migrations.

The Goths were active around the Black Sea, and controlled portions

of Eastern Spain and Northern Italy.

This haplotype may have entered Britain with troops in the Roman army.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 23 10 11 12 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Pakistan [Kalash] 4.55
Turkey 1.27
Liguria, Western Italy 1.23
Cordoba, Argentina 1.00
Central Anatolia, Turkey .91
Lombardy, Northern Italy .55
Barcelona, Catalonia .45
Cheonan, South Korea .32
Berlin, Brandenburg .18

I1b Haplotype #2

This haplotype exhibits its highest European frequencies in Poland, Macedonia

and Italy. There are also hits in Sweden and Saxony.

This haplotype may have come to Britain with Gothic or Herulian troops, or with

Normans of Visigothic descent. It may also have arrived with the Anglo-Saxons

or the Vikings, but the match pattern definitely favors a Gothic origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 23 10 11 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Indiana [African-American] 2.70
Cape Town, South Africa [European] 1.00
Lublin, Eastern Poland .75
Macedonia .67
New York City [European-American] .65
Sicily, Southern Italy .50
Latium, Central Italy .45
Sweden .25
Leipzig, Saxony .15

I1b Haplotype #3

The hits in Asia may reflect either the phenomenon of haplotype "convergence",

or the incorporation of Goths into a nomadic population that moved eastward

into Asia from the Ukraine or the Caucasus. The Aorsi, an Indo-Iranian tribe

related to the Alans and Sarmatians, were known to the Chinese and very likely

made incursions in the Far East.

The two matches in Germany suggest that this haplotype most likely came to Britain with

the Anglo-Saxons.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 24 10 11 13 12/13 -

Geographical Locale

 %
Taraz, Kazakhstan .57
Greifswald, Germany .45
Halle, Germany .43
Cheonan, South Korea .32

I1b Haplotype #4

This haplotype is difficult to assess because it is close to an R1a signature,

and many of the matches here may be the result of convergence. The hits in

Pakistan and Norway are particularly suspect, not just because the locales

are typically R1a, but because the DYS385a value for these is 11 - also

typically R1a. Paradoxically, the DYS385a value of 13, which is more

typical of an I haplotype, was found only among the Far East Asian hits.

This haplotype may represent the easternmost reach of Gothic

and Indo-Iranian migration, and may have reached Britain with Roman

conscripts, or as an admixture among the Anglo-Saxons.

However, if the Norwegian hits are not the result of convergence, then

this haplotype most likely entered Britain with the Vikings.

(Please note that a partial haplotype was used in this search only because

the "Border Reiver" haplotype that bore these markers scored no matches

in the YSTR database when the DYS385a,b values were included.)

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 14 30 24 11 11 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Southern Norway 4.00
Western Norway 1.56
Pakistan [Pathan] 1.08
Ibaraki/Tokushima/Yamaguchi, Japan .96
Pakistan [Sindhi] .82
Andulacia, Southern Spain .61
Vietnam .48

I1b Haplotype #5

This is another haplotype with an ambiguous origin. An Anglo-Saxon

origin is often "the rule of thumb" for I haplotypes, but this has the

earmarks of a Gothic signature. Although it most likely came to Britain

with the Anglo-Saxons, it might also have arrived with Roman troops

of Germanic descent.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 14 32 23 10 11 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Maryland [European-American] 1.56
Graz, Austria 1.54
Pakistan [Sindhi] .82
East Timor .72
New York City [European-American] .65
Tyrol, Austria .44
Gdansk, Poland .18

I1b Haplotype #6

This is a rare haplotype, but most of the hits are in Northern and Western Germany.

An Anglo-Saxon origin is most likely.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
17 13 29 23 11 11 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate .96
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
Luzon, Phillipines .47

I1b Haplotype #7

The haplotype below is rare, but unambiguously Germanic.

An Anglo-Saxon origin is most likely.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 14 30 23 11 11 13 12 -

Geographical Locale

 %
Tyrol, Austria .44
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I1b Haplotype #8

The haplotype below is also rare, but more ambiguous. The relatively high match rate

in India is probably due to convergence with "H" haplotypes, and the match in Japan is also

most likely due to convergence.

The relevant matches are those in Zaragoza and Northern Italy. If this haplotype is, in fact,

undifferentiated I1b, it may have originated in the Balkans and was brought west by the Goths or

Roman colonization.

This haplotype may have come to Britain with Roman troops or settlers, or with Normans

of Visigothic descent.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 14 31 23 10 11 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Panjab, India 1.85
Ibaraki/Tokushima/Yamaguchi, Japan .96
Marche, Italy .93
Zaragoza, Aragon .83

I1b Haplotype #9

The match pattern for this haplotype falls in the U.S. heartland and in Ireland.

It may be indigenous to the British Isles, or at least Northern Europe.

Both Whit Athey's Haplotype Predictor and Ysearch suggested it was I1b,

but it has I1a features and may belong to that group instead.

Or, possibly, it is an example of I1b2, which appears to

have Iberian-Paleolithic origins.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
15 13 29 23 10 11 13 12 -

Geographical Locale

 %
Indiana [European-American] 2.94
Oregon [European-American] 2.85
Ireland .66

I1b Haplotype #10

The data for this haplotype is equally scanty, but the hit

in Spain is consistent with I1b2 as well.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385a
16 12 29 23 10 11 13