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Haplogroup I1

Scientists believe that haplogroup I originated with the Gravettian culture of Paleolithic Europe. One subclade,

known as I1, is common among Icelandic populations, and is generally considered to indicate Scandinavian or

Anglo-Saxon ancestry when it is found in a person of British descent.

I1 is currently believed to have originated during the Paleolithic, and to have taken refuge from the

Ice Age in Iberia. Afterwards, it spread northeast into other portions of Europe, such as The Low Countries,

Germany and Scandinavia.

(For more information about Haplogroup I and its various subclades, read this excellent study.)

I1 Haplotype #27

There are a fair number of matches with samples of African descent, but these

are most likely examples of convergence. A high frequency match in Denmark,

plus several other matches in Northern and Western Germany suggest that this

haplotype came to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons or the Danes.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 13 30 22 10 11 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Louisiana [African-American] 3.45
Denmark 1.59
Texas [African-American] 1.45
Caucasus [Azerbaijan] 1.39
New York City [European-American] 1.29
West Africa 1.27
London, England [Afro-Caribbean] 1.19
Southern Portugal .89
Bulgaria .82
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg .65
Turkey .63
Sicily, Italy .50
Rostock, Mecklenburg .49
Tuscany, Italy .46
Sweden .25
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Leipzig, Saxony .15

I1 Haplotype #28

Once again, there is convergence with some African samples, but most of the other

matches fall in Sweden, Northern and Western Germany, Catalonia (which was controlled

by the Goths for centuries), and places like Virginia and Cape Town, where many

persons of Anglo-Saxon or Germanic descent are known to have settled.

This haplotype most likely came to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons or the Danes.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 12 29 24 10 11 13 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Egypt 2.41
Uppsala, Sweden 1.75
Virginia [European-American] 1.64
Liguria, Italy 1.23
Cape Town, South Africa [European] 1.00
Hamburg, Northern Germany .88
Choco, Colombia [African] .75
Cologne, Westphalia .74
Antioquia, Colombia [European] .49
Greifswald, Pomerania .48
Barcelona, Catalonia .45
Chemnitz, Saxony .12

I1 Haplotype #29

Four of the five top frequencies among European samples fall in Sweden, Denmark and

Finland. Among the next five frequencies, two fall in The Netherlands, one in Estonia (which

is genetically close to Finland), and one occurs in a portion of Italy once controlled by the

Normans. This haplotype most likely came to Britain with the Vikings (Danish or otherwise),

the Normans or the Anglo-Saxons - with the numbers strongly favoring the Vikings.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
15 12 28 23 10 11 13 14 -

Geographical Locale

 %
Gotland, Sweden 2.44
Transylvania, Romania [Szekely] 2.04
Uppsala, Sweden 1.75
Virginia [European-American] 1.64
Denmark 1.59
Finland 1.50
Puglia, Italy 1.42
Netherlands 1.15
Leiden, Netherlands 1.04
Tartu, Estonia .75
Budapest, Hungary .51
Sweden .25
Chemnitz, Saxony .24
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Berlin, Brandenburg .18
Gdansk, Northern Poland .18

I1 Haplotype #30

This haplotype is very rare. As such, it is difficult to interpret. The presence

of both Ireland and Estonia suggest that the haplotype may have come to

Britain with Hiberno-Norse refugees from Dublin. The Hiberno-Norse

were the descendants of Vikings and their Gaelic allies. For centuries, they

dominated the Irish Sea and settled in considerable numbers in the relatively

depopulated hinterlands of Galloway and Cumbria.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 12 28 22 11 11 14 - -

Geographical Locale

 %
Maryland [European-American] 1.56
Szeged, Hungary 1.00
Ireland .93
Panjab, India .93
Tartu, Estonia .75

I1 Haplotype #31

This haplotype is quite common, but its match pattern is very surprising. Among the top

five frequencies, four are among Romani (or gypsy) populations. Among the top ten

frequencies, four fall among Scandinavian or related Baltic populations, one falls in Saxony,

and another falls in Macedonia. Among the next ten frequencies, another four fall in

Scandinavia and three fall in The Netherlands.

Since the gypsies reputedly migrated to Europe from Northwestern India during the

late Middle Ages, it is unlikely that any "Border Reiver" family with medieval roots has a gypsy

origin. The conservative interpretation would be that the high frequency of matches among

the Romani is the result of convergence with haplotypes of haplogroup "H", which is found

largely among populations of Indian origin.

If we eliminate the Romani as a possibility, the matches in Scandinavia and The Netherlands

become the most relevant. These suggest that the haplotype came to Britain with the

Danes or the Norse Vikings.

If any "Border Reiver" haplotype to which these matches have been compared

has not been SNP-tested as haplogroup "I", then an origin among the Romani remains

a possibility. If some of the Romani matches themselves belong to haplogroup "I",

these most likely represent an admixture native to Eastern Europe.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b
14 12 28 22 10 11 13 14 14

Geographical Locale

 %
Bulgaria [Romani] 8.64
Eastern Slovakia [Romani] 7.94
Eastern Hungary [Roma] 5.63
Gotland, Sweden 4.88
Baranya, Hungary [Romani] 3.85
Macedonia, Greece 3.57
Tartu, Estonia 3.01
Dresden, Saxony 2.94
Blekinge, Sweden 2.38
Eastern Norway 2.35
Netherlands 2.30
Sweden 2.22
Northern Norway 2.22
Skaraborg, Sweden 2.13
Groningen, Netherlands 2.08
Leiden, Netherlands 2.08
Romania 1.96
Uppsala, Sweden 1.75
Bulgaria [Turks] 1.64
Maryland [European-American] 1.56
Maryland [African-American] 1.36
Macedonia 1.34
Dusseldorf, Westphalia 1.33
Bialystok, Poland [Byelorussians] 1.27
Szeged, Hungary 1.00
Cordoba, Argentina 1.00
Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate .96
Wroclaw, Poland .83
Finland .75
Berlin, Brandenburg .73
New York City [European-American] .65
Vilnius, Lithuania .64
Northern Portugal .55
Gdansk, Northern Poland .55
Barcelona, Catalonia .45
Leipzig, Saxony .45
Munich, Bavaria .40
Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt .35
Chemnitz, Saxony .24
Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg .23
Sao Paulo, Brazil [European] .22