Haplogroup I1
Scientists believe that haplogroup I originated with the Gravettian culture of Paleolithic Europe. One subclade,
known as I1, is common among Icelandic populations, and is generally considered to indicate Scandinavian or
Anglo-Saxon ancestry when it is found in a person of British descent.
I1 is currently believed to have originated during the Paleolithic, and to have taken refuge from the
Ice Age in Iberia. Afterwards, it spread northeast into other portions of Europe, such as The Low Countries,
Germany and Scandinavia.
(For more information about Haplogroup I and its various subclades, read this excellent study.)
I1 Haplotype #1
The haplotype below is extremely common. Among the twenty top areas, nine are Scandinavian,
five are in The Netherlands, and six are in Germany. Considering the high proportion of hits in the
northern and coastal areas of The Netherlands, this one is most likely Danish, Flemish or Anglo-Saxon.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 28 | 22 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Groningen, Northern Netherlands | 10.42 |
| Leiden, Western Netherlands | 8.33 |
| Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg | 5.16 |
| Gotland, Sweden | 4.87 |
| Denmark | 4.76 |
| Dusseldorf, Westphalia | 4.67 |
| Varmland, Sweden | 4.65 |
| Northern Norway | 4.44 |
| Greenland [Inuit] | 4.35 |
| Limburg, Southern Netherlands | 4.00 |
| Munich, Bavaria | 3.59 |
| Munster, Westphalia | 3.57 |
| Uppsala, Sweden | 3.51 |
| Rostock, Mecklenburg | 2.46 |
| Blekinge, Sweden | 2.38 |
| Ostergotland Jonkoping, Sweden | 2.38 |
| Friesland, Northern Netherlands | 2.27 |
| Cologne, Westphalia | 2.22 |
| Zeeland, Southwestern Netherlands | 2.18 |
| Central Norway | 2.08 |
| Budapest, Hungary | 2.03 |
| Connecticut [Hispanic-American] | 1.92 |
| Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate | 1.92 |
| Lausanne, Western Switzerland | 1.85 |
| Missouri [European-American] | 1.69 |
| Ljubljana, Slovenia | 1.65 |
| Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt | 1.57 |
| Maryland [European-American] | 1.56 |
| Tartu, Estonia | 1.50 |
| Sweden | 1.48 |
| Dresden, Saxony | 1.47 |
| Gdansk, Northern Poland | 1.47 |
| Berlin, Brandenburg | 1.46 |
| Chemnitz, Saxony | 1.46 |
| Valencia, Eastern Spain | 1.43 |
| Maryland [African-American] | 1.37 |
| Zagreb, Croatia | 1.33 |
| Baranya, Southern Hungary [Romani] | 1.28 |
| Warsaw, Central Poland | 1.25 |
| Moscow, Western Russia | 1.18 |
| Netherlands | 1.15 |
| Madeira, Portugal | 1.02 |
| Southern Portugal | .89 |
| Hamburg, Northern Germany | .88 |
| Zaragoza, Aragon | .83 |
| London, England | .81 |
| Brussels, Belgium | .80 |
| Pyrenees, Spain | .76 |
| Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg | .69 |
| Leipzig, Saxony | .61 |
| Lombardy, Northern Italy | .55 |
| Northern Portugal | .55 |
| Finland | .50 |
| Sicily, Southern Italy | .50 |
| Sao Paulo, Brazil [Europeans] | .48 |
| Tyrol, Western Austria | .44 |
| London, England [Afro-Caribbean] | .39 |
| Antioqua, Colombia | .25 |
| Bogota, Colombia | ,68 |
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 28 | 22 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 15 |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Netherlands | 3.45 |
| Bern, Switzerland | 2.19 |
| Groningen, Northern Netherlands | 2.08 |
| Limburg, Southern Netherlands | 2.00 |
| Uppsala, Sweden | 1.75 |
| Eastern Hungary [Roma] | 1.41 |
| Leiden, Western Netherlands | 1.04 |
| Cantabria, Northern Spain | .99 |
| Greifswald, Pomerania | .96 |
| Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate | .96 |
| Tyrol, Western Austria | .87 |
| London, England | .81 |
| Tartu, Estonia | .75 |
| Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt | .71 |
| Dusseldorf, Westphalia | .67 |
| Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg | .65 |
| Leipzig, Saxony | .61 |
| Northern Portugal | .55 |
| Budapest, Hungary | .51 |
| Munster, Westphalia | .51 |
| Rostock, Mecklenburg | .49 |
| Sweden | .49 |
| London, England [Afro-Caribbean] | .39 |
| Munich, Bavaria | .39 |
| Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg | .23 |
| Sao Paulo, Brazil [Europeans] | .22 |
| Berlin, Brandenburg | ,18 |
I1 Haplotype #3
This haplotype exhibits its highest frequencies in Scandinavia, and most likely
came to Britain with the Danes, the Normans or the Norse Vikings. There are
several hits in Germany, so Anglo-Saxon is an alternative possibility.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 28 | 22 | 11 | 11 | 13 | - | - |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Denmark | 3.17 |
| Oslo, Norway | 3.03 |
| Blekinge, Sweden | 2.50 |
| Eastern Norway | 2.35 |
| Skaraborg, Sweden | 2.33 |
| Cologne, Westphalia | 1.48 |
| Bern, Switzerland | 1.09 |
| Cantabria, Northern Spain | .99 |
| Sweden | .99 |
| Tartu, Estonia | .75 |
| Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg | .69 |
| Dusseldorf, Westphalia | .67 |
| Sicily, Southern Italy | .50 |
| Rostock, Mecklenberg | .48 |
| Munich, Bavaria | .39 |
| Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt | .35 |
| Leipzig, Saxony | .30 |
| Berlin, Brandenburg | .18 |
| Gdansk, Northern Poland | .18 |
The top frequencies for this haplotype are overwhelmingly Scandinavian.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 28 | 23 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Blekinge, Sweden | 9.52 |
| Finland | 8.52 |
| Central Norway | 8.33 |
| Uppsala, Sweden | 7.02 |
| Varmland, Sweden | 6.98 |
| Sweden | 6.17 |
| Gotland, Sweden | 4.87 |
| Western Norway | 4.69 |
| Greenland [Inuit] | 4.35 |
| Skaraborg, Sweden | 4.25 |
| Southern Norway | 4.00 |
| Oslo, Norway | 3.03 |
| Ljubljana, Slovenia | 2.48 |
| Vasterbotten, Sweden | 2.44 |
| Northern Norway | 2.22 |
| Virginia [Hispanic-American] | 2.17 |
| Oregon [African-American] | 2.13 |
| Connecticut [Hispanic-American] | 1.92 |
| Missouri [European-American] | 1.69 |
| Denmark | 1.59 |
| Riga, Latvia | 1.38 |
| Dusseldorf, Westphalia | 1.33 |
| Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg | 1.29 |
| Berlin, Brandenburg | 1.28 |
| Moscow, Western Russia | 1.18 |
| Transylvania [Szekely] | 1.02 |
| Strasbourg, Alsace | 1.01 |
| Albania | .99 |
| London, England | .81 |
| Zagreb, Croatia | .67 |
| Munster, Westphalia | .51 |
| Warsaw, Central Poland | .42 |
| Chemnitz, Saxony | .37 |
| Gdansk, Northern Poland | .37 |
| Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg | .23 |
| Sao Paulo, Brazil [European] | .22 |
| Leipzig, Saxony | .15 |
I1 Haplotype #5
The haplotype below is clearly Scandinavian, and most likely came to Britain with
Norse Viking settlement or the Normans.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 28 | 23 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Southern Norway | 8.00 |
| Oslo, Norway | 6.06 |
| Eastern Norway | 3.53 |
| Finland | 3.51 |
| Western Norway | 3.13 |
| Sweden | 2.72 |
| Blekinge, Sweden | 2.38 |
| Varmland, Sweden | 2.36 |
| Skaraborg, Sweden | 2.13 |
| Central Norway | 2.08 |
| Pennsylvania [European-American] | 1.49 |
| Greenland [Inuit] | 1.45 |
| New York City [European-American] | 1.29 |
| Griefswald, Pomerania | .48 |
| Barcelona, Catalonia | .45 |
| London, England [Afro-Caribbean] | .41 |
| London, England | .40 |
| Munich, Bavaria | .39 |
| Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt | .35 |
| Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg | .23 |
| Gdansk, Northern Poland | .18 |
I1 Haplotype #6
The one also appears Scandinavian, perhaps Danish.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 28 | 23 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 16 |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Skaraborg, Sweden | 2.13 |
| Denmark | 1.59 |
| Kiev, Ukraine | 1.22 |
| London, England | .40 |
I1 Haplotype #7
The one appears Scandinavian as well. The Spanish hit probably
has a Visigothic origin.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 28 | 23 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Skaraborg, Sweden | 2.18 |
| Virginia [European-American] | 1.64 |
| Greenland [Inuit] | 1.45 |
| Valencia, Eastern Spain | .71 |
| Sweden | .25 |
I1 Haplotype #8
This haplotype has some intriguing matches in the Mediterranean zone, but it
also has hits in Frisia and the West German Rhineland. The Italian matches
most likely reflect the incursion of Germanic tribes, and the haplotype
probably entered Britain with the Anglo-Saxons or Gothic troops.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | 29 | 22 | 10 | 11 | 14 | -3 | - |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Friesland, Northern Netherlands | 2.27 |
| Marche, Eastern Italy | 1.85 |
| Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg | 1.29 |
| Emilia Romagna, Central Italy | 1.12 |
| Strasbourg, Alsace | 1.01 |
| Athens, Greece | .99 |
| Sicily, Southern Italy | .50 |
| Leipzig, Saxony | .15 |
I1 Haplotype #9
This haplotype occurs in Scandinavia. It also occurs in areas of Central and Eastern Europe
where the Vikings were commercially active, and where Eastern Germanic tribes like the Goths
and the Langobards were known to settle.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 12 | - | 23 | 11 | 11 | 13 | - | - |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Varmland, Sweden | 2.44 |
| Graz, Austria | 1.54 |
| Eastern Norway | 1.18 |
| Rostock, Mecklenberg | .96 |
| Krakow, Southern Poland | .93 |
| Tartu, Estonia | .75 |
| Vilnius, Lithuania | .64 |
| Lombardy, Northern Italy | .55 |
| Antioquia, Colombia | .49 |
| Sweden | .25 |
| Finland | .25 |
| Berlin, Brandenburg | .18 |
| Leipzig, Saxony | .15 |
I1 Haplotype #10
The relevant frequencies are, of course, those in Europe. Three out of four hits in this
category are in Germany and The Netherlands, so an Anglo-Saxon or Flemish origin seems likely.
| 19 | 389i | 389ii | 390 | 391 | 392 | 393 | 385a | 385b |
| 14 | 13 | 29 | 22 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 133 | 15 |
Geographical Locale |
% |
| Lousiana [European-American] | 3.23 |
| Pennsylvania [African-American] | 2.33 |
| Zeeland, Southwestern Netherlands | 2.17 |
| Connecticut [Hispanic-American] | 1.92 |
| Sweden | .25 |
| Chemnitz, Saxony | .24 |
| Freiburg, Baden-Wurttemburg | .23 |