J2 Haplotype #11

The highest match frequency below falls in Iran, which suggests an Indo-Iranian origin, although a Semitic origin is also possible. This haplotype could easily have come to Britain with Roman troops and settlers or Sephardic Jews.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 30 24 10 11 12 13 17
Geographical Locale	%
Tehran, Iran	1.25
Berlin, Brandenburg	.36

J2 Haplotype #12

Three of the top four highest frequencies for the partial haplotype below fall in the Caucasus. Additional locales in the top ten include Turkey, Iran, Syria, Egypt and Italy. It also occurs in Central Anatolia, among Kurds, and in several samples of obscure populations with a likely Central Asiatic origin - such as the Brahui and Burusho of Northwest Pakistan, and the Csango of Romania, who are thought by many to be of Turkic or Magyar descent. This match pattern supports the scenario of an origin in Central Asia, with a gradual diffusion into the Middle East and the Mediterranean, and then later into other parts of Europe.

This haplotype could easily have come to Britain with Roman conquest or Hellenic exploration, either with Mediterranean merchants, Sarmatian troops or Roman settlers of a variety of ethnicities. There is also the additional possibility that it came to Britain far earlier, with Neolithic agricultural pioneers.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 12 28 23 10 11 12 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Caucasus [Rutulian]	4.55
Caucasus [Ingushian]	4.17
Lunca de Sus, Romania [Csango]	3.57
Caucasus [Armenian]	3.00
Umbria, Italy	1.96
Turkey	1.89
Syria	1.77
Texas [Hispanic-American]	1.35
Manila, Phillipines [Tagalog, Cebuano]	1.32
Tehran, Iran	1.25
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Egypt	1.20
Asturias, Spain	1.11
Pakistan [Burusho]	1.06
Birmingham, England	1.03
Paris, France	.92
Central Anatolia, Turkey	.91
Pakistan [Brahui]	.91
Kurds, Iraq	.79
Tartu, Estonia	.75
Cologne, Westphalia	.74
Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt	.71
Switzerland	.67
Northern Portugal	.64
Lombardy, Italy	.55
Budapest, Hungary	.52
Rostock, Mecklenburg	.49
Barcelona, Catalonia	.45
London, England [Indo-Pakistani]	.40
Sweden	.25
Chemnitz, Saxony	.12

J2 Haplotype #13

Of the top ten Old World frequencies for this haplotype, eight fall among populations of largely Mediterranean origin - Greeks, Jews, Tunisians, Egyptians, Armenians, Turks and Italians. Two other high frequency matches - in the Netherlands and Belgium - most likely reflect the spread of itinerant mercantile peoples, such as the Armenians or the Sephardic Jews, to the Low Countries of Europe.

This haplotype could easily have come to the Borders with Roman troops, but could also have arrived with Flemish merchants involved in the wool trade, like those who settled in Berwick about 500 years ago.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 30 23 10 11 12 13 17
Geographical Locale	%
Central Greece	7.14
Florida [European-American]	4.55
Budapest, Hungary [Askenazi Jews]	2.86
Bologna, Italy	1.96
Tunis, Tunisia	1.85
Pennsylvania [European-American]	1.49
Egypt	1.20
Netherlands	1.15
Caucasus [Armenian]	1.00
Leuven, Belgium	.88
Argentina [European]	.66
Turkey	.63
Latium, Italy	.45
Malaysia [Malay]	.36
Northern Portugal	.35
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemburg	.22
Chemnitz, Saxony	.12

J2 Haplotype #14

The two top frequencies fall in Bosnia and Iran. This suggests a possible Indo-Iranian connection, not only due to the presence of Iran, but because Bosnia is close to Croatia, which has historically claimed descent from the Sarmatians.

It is worth noting that both this haplotype, and #13 above, share DYS19/390/391/392/393 marker values with the Cohen Modal Haplotype, which is found among J1 descendants of the Jewish priestly class, the Cohanim. Therefore, some of these matches are possibly of Jewish origin, and may actually be haplogroup J1.

This haplotype could have come to the Borders with Roman settlers or troops - with Norman troops or administrators of Alanic or Sephardic origin, or with Flemish merchants engaged in the wool trade, some of whom, especially after 1492 C.E., would have been of Sephardic Jewish origin.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 13 30 23 10 11 12 13 19
Geographical Locale	%
Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina	2.86
Isfahan, Iran	2.08
Pennsylvania [European-American]	1.49
Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate	.96
Southern Portugal	.89
Latium, Italy	.45
Argentina [European]	.33

J2 Haplotype #15

The haplotype below is an unusual one for J2, and all but one of the matches in YHRD fall in Africa, or among African-Americans or Afro-Caribbeans. This is undoubtedly due to a convergence effect with E3a haplotypes.

The only match that fits J2 is the one below, among the Hungarian gypsies.

This haplotype most likely originated in Central Asia, and could have come to Britain with the Alans or the Sarmatians.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 16 14 31 22 10 11 13 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Eastern Hungary [Romani]	1.41

J2 Haplotype #16

The matches below were filtered for DYS385a values of 13, 14 or 15. The highest match frequencies fall in Greece, Italy and Romania, suggesting a Mediterranean or Southeast European origin. This haplotype could easily have come to Britain with the Romans.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 15 12 28 25 10 11 12 13-15 -
Geographical Locale	%
Central Greece	7.14
Santa Ninfa, Italy	5.88
Lombardy, Italy	1.10
Miercurea Ciuc, Romania [Szekely]	1.10
Corund, Romania [Szekely]	1.02
Romania	.98
Halle, Germany	.43
Tyrol, Austria	.43
Central Bohemia, Czechia	.40
London, England [Indo-Pakistani]	.40
Freiburg, Germany	.23
Leipzig, Germany	.12

J2 Haplotype #17

The highest European match frequencies fall in Greece and Italy, with one hit among Hispanic Americans, and one in Germany. This haplotype probably came to Britain with Roman troops or settlers, or with later immigrants of Mediterranean or (possibly) Sephardic descent.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 14 12 29 23 11 11 12 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Chios, Greece	6.25
Maryland [Hispanic-American]	3.85
Tuscany, Italy	.46
Hamburg, Germany	.36

J2 Haplotype #18

This haplotype has a wide range, with high frequency matches in Italy, Iran, Hungary, Macedonia, Egypt and Spain. It appears to be strongly oriented around the Mediterranean, and very likely came to Britain with Roman settlers or troops.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 15 13 30 23 9 11 12 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Alcamo, Italy	4.35
Isfahan, Iran	2.08
Szeged, Hungary	2.00
Skopje, Macedonia	1.92
Liguria, Italy	1.23
Egypt	1.20
Asturias, Spain	1.11
Damascus, Syria	1.00
Veneto, Italy	.83
Kurds, Iraq	.79
Bhutan	.59
Sicily, Italy	.50
Central Bohemia, Czechia	.40
Andulacia/Extremadura, Spain	.26
Argentina [European]	.16

J2 Haplotype #19

This partial haplotype appears in Northern Spain and Romania. It could be of either Jewish or Indo-Iranian origin. Other possibilities exist, but those are the two that spring most quickly to mind. Sephardic Jews settled in Spain, and were eventually forced to migrate to Eastern Europe. Alans settled in Spain, and Sarmatians once occupied Romania. Both Jews and Indo-Iranians came to Britain with both the Romans and the Normans.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 15 13 29 22 10 12 12 - -
Geographical Locale	%
Cantabria, Spain	.99
Romania	.98

J2 Haplotype #20

This haplotype appears most commonly in Italy and the Balkan states. It also appears in Germany, Poland, and among Indo-Pakistanis. It could have come to Britain with Roman troops or settlers, or - possibly - with traders and agriculturalists from the Mediterranean during pre-Roman times. Although its appearance in Germany may be attributable to Roman colonization of the Rhineland, Ashkenazi Jewish settlement or nomadic migrations from Central Asia, it could also have resided in this area since Neolithic times. As such, it could conceivably have come to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons.

19 389i 389ii 390 391 392 393 385a 385b 15 12 28 24 10 11 12 13 17
Geographical Locale	%
Ploiesti, Romania	2.78
Illinois [Hispanic-American]	1.49
USA [European-American]	1.16
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