Matches

Matches

Matches

Info

H 4

II

a

II

b

a

b

Variant

Berwickshire,

Scotland

born 1760

We are including this signature because the surname "Fairbairn" is associated with the Armstrong clan.

Armstrong With Norse I1a Haplotype

This highest frequency matches in the YHRD database fall in Norway, Romania and Sweden. This haplotype is most likely of Norse origin.

This participant is relatively close to HF4WM, but its closest matches are with two other Fairbairns (one with roots in Melrose, Scotland), two Irwins and two Elliotts. This does not seem like an Armstrong signature, despite the rumored relationship between the surnames, but its matches clearly suggest a Borders origin.

Ireland

born ca. 1840

This Armstrong is apparently of Scots-Irish origin, but no other genealogical info is available at this time.

Armstrong With Germanic I1a Haplotype

The matches for this haplotype in the YHRD database fall in the Azores, Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, Ireland and England. The largest number of matches falls in Germany, suggesting a possible Anglo-Saxon origin. This haplotype is most likely to be of Northern Germanic origin in any case. (The high frequency match in the Azores could be the genetic residue of English mariners or tradesmen, or a Portuguese descended from Suevi or Visigoths.)

This participant has no close matches so far with any Armstrong participant - but exact 25 marker matches with a large number of Hamilton entries in Ysearch.

1772-1824

We are including this signature because the surname "Fairbairn" is associated with the Armstrong clan.

Armstrong With Norse I1a Haplotype

This highest frequency matches in the YHRD database fall in Norway, Romania and Sweden. This haplotype is most likely of Norse origin.

This participant is relatively close to KJ4GX, but its closest matches are with two Irwins and two Elliotts, all of Scottish or Scots-Irish origin. This does not seem like an Armstrong signature, despite the rumored relationship between the surnames.

Antrim,

Northern Ireland

John Armstrong emigrated to Philadelphia in 1846, and worked in the carpet trade with his older half-brother Thomas for a few years. Eventually he moved to Greenwood, Nebraska. His death certificate states that his parents were born in Scotland.

Armstrong With Norse I1a Haplotype

This haplotype exhibits a predominantly Scandinavian geographical match pattern in both YHRD and the FTDNA Haplogroup database. It most likely came to Britain with Danish or Norse-Gaelic settlement of Northern England.

This participant is an 11/12 match with PRV49, who also claims descent from John Armstrong of Ballymena, Antrim.

Ballymena,

Antrim,

Northern Ireland

John Armstrong, 1820 - 1910

This is apparently the same John Armstrong from whom participant FRQYN is descended.

Armstrong With Norse I1a Haplotype

The highest frequency matches in the YHRD database fall in Sweden, Germany and Finland. A Scandinavian or Anglo-Saxon origin is likely.

This participant is an 11/12 match with FRQYN, who also claims descent from John Armstrong of Ballymena, Antrim.

Virginia,

United States

John Armstrong,

1820 - 1865

No other genealogical info is currently available about this participant.

Armstrong With Norse I1a Haplotype

This is a classic "Ultra-Norse" haplotype, almost certainly of Scandinavian origin. Its top 10 match frequencies in YHRD fall exclusively in Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Closest match is with T26QY on 12 out of 12 markers.

Kentucky,

United States

Isaac Armstrong,

1822 - 1873

These Armstrongs are most likely of Scots-Irish descent.

Armstrong With Norse I1a Haplotype

This is a classic "Ultra-Norse" haplotype, almost certainly of Scandinavian origin. Its top 10 match frequencies in YHRD fall exclusively in Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Closest match is with FG86S on 12 out of 12 markers.

Scott Armstrong,

born 20th century

No further genealogical info is available from this participant at this time.

Armstrong With Norse I1a Haplotype

This is a classic "Ultra-Norse" haplotype, almost certainly of Scandinavian origin. Its closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in England, Scotland, Denmark, Hungary and the Netherlands - but its closest YHRD matches fall in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, Latvia and Saxony.

KAAH3 is the closest match at a distance of 8 steps out of 37 markers. No others came any closer.

(near Loughborough),

Leicestershire,

England

William F. Armstrong

born 19th century

William was from Cardington, Ohio. Younger brother was James S. Armstrong, and sister was Mary Ann Armstrong. Both siblings married Elliotts in the 1850's, and both - like William - resided in Ohio.

This haplotype exhibits a geographical match pattern, in both YHRD and the FTDNA Haplogroup database, that is unequivocally Scandinavian. Considering the strong Cumbrian orientation of the Armstrong clan, this haplotype probably came to Britain with Danish or Norse-Gaelic settlement.

Thus far, this haplotype is a singleton among our Armstrong participants with an atypical haplogroup and no close matches. The closest match in Ysearch is a 23/25 with a family named Harmston from Lincolnshire. Lincolnshire is adjacent to Leicestershire, and Harmston may be a corruption of Armstrong, whose variants include Harmstrang, Harmstrong and other surnames starting with "H".

Burrishoole Parish,

County Mayo,

Ireland

Anthony Armstrong

born early 19th century

Anthony was the participant's great-great-grandfather. He and his family may have been brought to Mayo from Ulster to engage in weaving for a family named Browne. His son, James, emigrated to the U.S. in 1868, at the age of fourteen, and settled in Pittston, Pennsylvania.

This haplotype is very close on 37 markers to other haplotypes that have been SNP-tested as J2. However, it has recently been SNP-tested as I1b. The closest "I" FTDNA haplogroup matches fall in Norway, Sweden, the Isle of Man, the Shetland Isles, England and France. Highest frequency matches in YHRD fall in the Caucasus, Italy, Turkey, Syria, Iran and among other groups from Central or Southwestern Asia. It is uncertain which of these are legitimate I1b haplotypes and which are the result of accidental convergence from J2 haplotypes. As an I1b, this haplotype is almost certainly of continental European origin.

There are no other close matches so far in the Armstrong data set.

Ohio,

United States

Charles Armstrong,

1835 - 1906

This individual is not an official participant of the Border Reivers project, so no additional genealogical info is currently available.

The closest matches in YHRD are based on a haplotype without DYS385 values, and fall in Norway and Pakistan. These are obvious convergences from R1a, so are not likely to be valid. No FTDNA Haplogroup information is available for this individual.

There are no other close matches so far in the Armstrong data set.

Williamsport,

Lycoming County,

Pennsylvania,

United States

Lott Armstrong,

1825 - 1894

Although Lott was born in Williamsport, he died in Benedicts Mill, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania. He married a woman named Sarah Huff.

The closest matches in YHRD fall among Caucasian Americans, and in Ireland, the Balkans, Germany and England. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall predominantly in the British Isles. The matches in the Balkans are probably the result of convergence with I1b haplotypes, and this haplotype most likely originated in Northwestern Europe.

There are no other close matches so far in the Armstrong data set.

&

Adelaide,

Ontario,

Canada

John Armstrong,

1811 - 1854

John married Jane Alwinter (1819 - 1871) in Ireland, and their first two children were born there. Their names were Ann (born 1834) and William (1839 - 1899). The family emigrated to Adelaide, Ontario in 1843 and had four more children - Joseph (born 1844), Mary J. (1847), Jermina (1849 - 1923) and Franklin (1851).

This haplotype is a highly unusual variety of the I1c haplogroup. The only close match in YHRD falls in Latin America, and the closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall mostly in Ireland, with one each in England and Scotland. There is no evidence that this haplotype is of Norse or Germanic origin, and it is most likely native to the British Isles.

There are no other close matches so far in the Armstrong data set.

Milton,

Pennsylvania,

United States

James Armstrong

James Armstrong is an ancestor of the participant, but his dates of birth and death have not been provided.

This is the only J2 or J1 haplotype we have in our Armstrong data set. It could belong to either haplogroup, but we suspect it is J2 because it's an exact match for a Montgomery and a Graham that both belong to J2. The closest J2 matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in Belgium, England, Scotland and Ireland, and the only two matches in YHRD (based on a match table that has not been updated in a while) fall in Germany and Iran. This haplotype could have multiple origins, but may have been present in the British Isles since the Neolithic.

There are no other close matches so far in the Armstrong data set. Closest matches in Ysearch include many with Grahams and Jordans (a variation of Jardine?).

Northumberland,

England

born 1797

Most, if not all, of Thomas Armstrong's descendants emigrated to Victoria, Australia.

K2 Haplotype Possibly Of Roman Origin

This haplotype is completely different from that obtained so far for any other Border Reiver descendant. The haplogroup alone suggests an Asiatic, Middle Eastern or Mediterranean origin. The haplotype has matches only among Iberian or Hispanic samples in the YHRD database. Considering that the Armstrongs are an Anglo-Scottish Border family, this haplotype may have come to Britain with the troops at Hadrian's Wall. It may also have come to Britain with Mediterranean traders in pre-Roman times, or with the Norman invasion. Some have suggested that K and K2 would have been found among the Norse, so the Vikings also may have had this haplotype.

There are no other Armstrong K2 haplotypes so far in our data set.

United States

born 1809

This entry is not an official participant, and no additional genealogical info is currently available.

R1a Haplotype Of Viking Origin

This haplotype belongs to the classic "Viking" haplogroup. Its top match frequencies in the YHRD database fall in Norway, Sweden, Russia and Lithuania. It is clearly not native to Britain, and almost certainly arrived with the Norwegian and Norse-Gaelic Vikings who settled in Cumbria, Galloway and West Yorkshire.

There are no other Armstrong R1a haplotypes so far in our data set.

Northumberland,

England

circa 19th century

(Genealogical information is confined to what was available in the Sorenson database, as this is not an official participant.)

Possible ht35 Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the most common haplotype for our Armstrong participants by 1 step each on two separate markers. However, these differences occur with the markers DYS19 and DYS393, which have among the lowest mutation rates of the 12 available markers. Hence, it is a toss-up whether or not this haplotype is simply a deviant from the typical Armstrong WAMH that happens to resemble an ht35 signature - or a real ht35 signature. In any case, the geographical match pattern is typically ht35. The only Old World matches fall in Central Anatolia, among Iraqi Kurds, and in Macedonia. This alone suggests a possible Indo-Iranian origin - perhaps among Sarmatian troops in Britain or Breton troops of Alanic descent in the army of William The Conqueror.

United States

Archie T. Armstrong, Jr.

1945 - 2004

Archie was a resident of Arkansas, and was probably of Scots-Irish descent.

Possible ht35 Haplotype

The basic 12 marker haplotype is 4 steps distant from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype, which is the typical signature of the R1b Armstrongs. Markers 13 through 25 are quite different as well - although, curiously, they are close to the modal values for these markers among the R1b Elliotts.  Nonetheless, there is a possibility that this is an "ht35" R1b of Eastern origin. The top Eurasian match frequencies in YHRD fall among Slovakian gypsies, Armenians and Poles - with some additional matches in Spain and Germany, which have large samples in YHRD.

Thus far, there are no close matches with any other Armstrong haplotypes.

New York,

United States

1820 - 1885

Ebenezer's father was named either Ebenezer or Francis. He appears in Cayuga or Seneca County, New York about 1812, as noted in the family Bible at the birth of the first of his five children. He married Sally Burnam of Putnam, Connecticut. Sally moved with the children to Van Buren County, Michigan in 1842.

Additional Armstrong R1b Haplotype

This haplotype has the DYS390 value of 23 that is considered typical of the "North Sea Celtic" lineage. It is an unusually high DYS385b value of 17, which - among other features - sets this haplotype many steps distant from the modal Armstrong R1b haplotype. Its top frequencies in YHRD fall in Northern Italy, Austria and Germany, and its closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in Italy and the United Kingdom. The matches in Italy can probably be attributed to the settlement of Germanic tribes such as Goths and Lombards. This haplotype most likely came to Britain with the Angles and the Saxons.

F587K and Q97C2 are 1 step distant on 12 markers. Although this is usually not a significant match, their shared haplotype has some unusual features and the two participants may well be related.

born 20th century

This participant has not yet responded to inquiries about his genealogy, so no further information is currently available.

Additional Armstrong R1b Haplotype

This haplotype has the DYS390 value of 23 that is considered typical of the "North Sea Celtic" lineage. It is an unusually high DYS385b value of 17, which - among other features - sets this haplotype many steps distant from the modal Armstrong R1b haplotype. The closest match in the FTDNA Haplogroup database falls in Ireland, but additional close matches claim roots in Germany, France, Spain, Italy and in every part of the British Isles. This haplotype may have a Germanic source, but it could also simply have a local British or prehistoric Iberian origin.

F587K and Q97C2 are 1 step distant on 12 markers. Although this is usually not a significant match, their shared haplotype has some unusual features and the two participants may well be related.

United States

1793 - 1850

James Armstrong married the granddaughter of another Armstrong, and their son William was born in Kentucky in 1831. The maternal Armstrongs had resided in Pennsylvania from the 1720's onward.

3 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a DYS390 value of 23, a DYS385a value of 12, and a DYS439 value of 11. The highest frequency matches in the YHRD database fall in Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. This haplotype could easily have come to Britain with Vikings, Danes, Anglo-Saxons, Celts or ancient Iberians.

UKDB7 and 8MPY2 are an exact match at 12 markers. Considering their shared origin in the upper South, they may belong to the same lineage.

United States

born late 19th century

Jesse Armstrong's ancestors reputedly came to America from Northern Ireland in the late 18th century. They are believed to have been of Scottish descent.

3 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a DYS390 value of 23, a DYS385a value of 12, and a DYS439 value of 11. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in England and Ireland, identified as R1b1b2g - followed by numerous matches across the British Isles, Scandinavia, Switzerland and other parts of Western Europe. The highest frequency matches in the YHRD database fall in Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. This haplotype could easily have come to Britain with Vikings, Danes, Anglo-Saxons, Celts or ancient Iberians.

UKDB7 and 8MPY2 are an exact match at 12 markers. Considering their shared origin in the upper South, they may belong to the same lineage.

Dumfriesshire,

Scotland

1809 - 1892

Andrew was born in Dumfriesshire, but later moved to Hawick in The Borders. His son Francis emigrated to North America. He arrived at St. John's, Newfoundland, then moved to Ohio, and finally settled in New England.

3 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a DYS390 value of 23 and a DYS391 value of 13. The latter value is extremely rare. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in England, Ireland, Sweden and the Shetland Isles. The highest frequency matches in the YHRD database fall in the Netherlands, Germany and Spain. Judging by these geographical match patterns, this haplotype could easily have arrived in Britain with Iberians, Celts, Flemish, Anglo-Saxons or even Vikings.

Thus far, this haplotype has no close matches with any other Armstrong haplotypes. It is an exact 12/12 match with a Scott entry in Ysearch, but unfortunately that entry has no additional markers available for a more extended comparison.

Canada

1772 - 1840

John Armstrong was rescued at sea in 1808, and settled in West Haven, Connecticut, where he married one Polly Smith. Although he claimed to have come from Canada, he may have been of American birth.

3 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype matches the Armstrong Modal Haplotype on only 9 out of 12 markers. Matches in YHRD falls predominantly in Spain and Portugal, although the highest frequency falls in Sweden, and there are multiple matches in Saxony. A native British "Celtic" (i.e., prehistoric Iberian) origin is most likely, but this haplotype could also have come to Britain with the Angles or the Danes.

GV4NZ and 54MAA are exact matches at 25 markers.

Armstrong

County Monaghan,

Ireland

born 1698

(No other information is available at this time.)

3 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype matches the Armstrong Modal Haplotype on only 9 out of 12 markers. Matches in YHRD falls predominantly in Spain and Portugal, although the highest frequency falls in Sweden, and there are multiple matches in Saxony. A native British "Celtic" (i.e., prehistoric Iberian) origin is most likely, but this haplotype could also have come to Britain with the Angles or the Danes.

GV4NZ and 54MAA are exact matches at 25 markers.

John Armstrong,

1786 - 1859

John Armstrong married Martha Elizabeth Dixon and emigrated to Ontario. His son, William Dixon Armstrong was born in Ontario in 1826, married Margaret Jane O'Neil, and moved to Waseca, Minnesota, where he died in 1909. His son, William James Armstrong, was born in Waseca in 1867, married Delphine Mary Berry, and died in Waseca in 1947.

3 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype matches the Armstrong Modal Haplotype on only 10 out of 12 markers, with a genetic distance of 3. The differences are a DYS391 value of 10 (versus the modal 11) and an unusual DYS426 value of 10 (where the modal is 12). The top match frequencies in the YHRD database fall in Portugal, the Netherlands, Spain and among persons of European descent in the heartland of the U.S.A. This haplotype is a variant of the "Scots" R1b haplotype, and is clearly of Paleolithic Western European origin. In other words, it is most likely to be "Iberian" or "Celtic".

Thus far, there are no close matches with any other Armstrong haplotypes.

born 20th century

This is a participant of the Donegal Bay group, so he may have ancestors from Ulster. No other information is available at this time.

1 Step From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype matches the Armstrong Modal Haplotype on 11 out of 12 markers, with a genetic distance of 1. The difference is a DYS391 value of 10 (versus the modal 11). The top match frequencies in the YHRD database fall in Portugal, the Netherlands, Spain and among persons of European descent in the heartland of the U.S.A. This haplotype is a variant of the "Scots" R1b haplotype, and is clearly of Paleolithic Western European origin. In other words, it is most likely to be "Iberian" or "Celtic".

8ZG5K is 1 step distant from a large proportion of our Armstrong data set at 12 markers, but more markers must be sequenced before we can assume this participant belongs to the genetic mainstream of the R1b Armstrongs.

Bedfordshire,

England

William Armstrong,

1701 - 1765

William was the son of John Armstrong, who died in Risely in 1727.

2 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype matches the Armstrong Modal Haplotype on 10 out of 12 markers, with a genetic distance of 2. The differences are a DYS391 value of 10 (versus the modal 11) and a DYS439 value of 13 (where the modal is 12). The top match frequencies in the YHRD database fall in Portugal, the Netherlands, Spain and among persons of European descent in the heartland of the U.S.A. This haplotype is a variant of the "Scots" R1b haplotype, and is clearly of Paleolithic Western European origin. In other words, it is most likely to be "Iberian" or "Celtic".

RRZ53 and TNDSJ are only 2 steps distant on 67 markers, which is consistent with the fact that they claim the same ancestor born in 1701. Both haplotypes, however, have numerous fairly close matches with other Armstrong participants - especially TNDSJ, who only 2 (SXYJH), 3 (JSXG7) , and 4 (W32ZA, 222G8) steps distant at 37 markers from several Armstrongs who stand at the center of the genetic mainstream of the clan.

Bedfordshire,

England

William Armstrong,

1701 - 1765

William was the son of John Armstrong, who died in Risely in 1727.

2 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype matches the Armstrong Modal Haplotype on 10 out of 12 markers, with a genetic distance of 2. The differences are a DYS391 value of 10 (versus the modal 11) and a DYS439 value of 13 (where the modal is 12). The top match frequencies in the YHRD database fall in Portugal, the Netherlands, Spain and among persons of European descent in the heartland of the U.S.A. This haplotype is a variant of the "Scots" R1b haplotype, and is clearly of Paleolithic Western European origin. In other words, it is most likely to be "Iberian" or "Celtic".

RRZ53 and TNDSJ are only 2 steps distant on 67 markers, which is consistent with the fact that they claim the same ancestor born in 1701. Both haplotypes, however, have numerous fairly close matches with other Armstrong participants - especially TNDSJ, who only 2 (SXYJH), 3 (JSXG7) , and 4 (W32ZA, 222G8) steps distant at 37 markers from several Armstrongs who stand at the center of the genetic mainstream of the clan.

J. R. Armstrong,

born 20th century

This individual claims Scottish ancestry, but no more information is available at this time.

3 Steps From Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype matches the Armstrong Modal Haplotype on only 9 out of 12 markers, with a genetic distance of 3. The differences are a DYS391 value of 10, a DYS389ii value of 30, and a DYS439 value of 13. The top European match frequencies in the YHRD database fall in Sweden, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands. This haplotype could easily be of Norse, Danish, Flemish or Anglo-Saxon origin.

RRZ53 and TNDSJ are both 1 step distant at 12 markers, but there are no closer matches. More markers must be tested to determined whether or not this Armstrong is related to the genetic mainstream of the clain.

Renfrewshire,

Scotland

James Armstrong,

ca. 1821 - 1877

Although James Armstrong lived in Paisley, his death certificate states that he was born in Dundee, Forfarshire. His father Christopher was a soldier. The participant's great-grandfather emigrated to New York in 1901, and with his mother and siblings proceeded from there to Ontario. He later settled in Saskatchewan. His grandson eventually emigrated to Germany, where the participant now lives.

Unusual Armstrong R1b With Numerous Irish Matches

This haplotype features the unusual combination of a DYS392 value of 12 and a DYS391 value of 10. At least two other markers out of the basic 12 differ from WAMH by one step, making the overall signature 4 steps distant from WAMH. The highest match frequency in YHRD falls in Ireland, followed by lesser frequencies among both European and Hispanic Americans, Norwegians, Germans and Italians. The closest matches in the FTDNA haplogroup database range across the British Isles, with the highest frequency falling in Ireland. The closest matches in Ysearch show a similarly distinct Irish (and Irish Gaelic) bias.

N8642 has no close matches thus far in our Armstrong data set.

Dumfriesshire,

Scotland

Benjamin Bell Armstrong,

born 1812

Ben Armstrong emigrated to Canada in 1833. His family reputedly had lived in the Gricetail area of Canonbie for 317 years. His great-grandfather William was born there between 1691 and 1694. Gricetail, where the Armstrongs had reputedly lived for 317 years, was later divided into two parts, Mosside and Priors Lynn., but only Priors Lynn still exists today Ben was born in what became Mosside, and his father John died there in 1837. This branch of the Armstrongs claims descent from Johnny Armstrong.

AMH With Possible Multi-Step Mutation On DYS385b

This haplotype differs from the WAMH signature typical of many Armstrongs only by a DYS385b value of 11, rather than the usual 14. However, DYS385b is a highly volatile marker, and this difference could be the result of a single multi-step mutation. Top matches in YHRD fall mostly in the Balkans (e.g., Albania, Greece and Macedonia) - with one high frequency match in Sweden. The closest matches in the FTDNA haplogroup database fall in Greece, Ireland, England, France and Prussia. Despite the Southeast European bias of the geographical match pattern, this haplotype is most likely of Northwest European origin.

RW3PQ is not a close match with any of the other Armstrongs in our group, but is a close match at 37 markers with several Littles of Scottish descent.

Quebec,

Canada

Samuel Armstrong,

born ca. 1800

This entry is not an official participant, and no additional genealogical info is currently available.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. It is an exact 12/12 match with a substantial portion of our Armstrong data set.

County Tyrone,

Northern Ireland

John Armstrong,

born ca. 1670

This entry is not an official participant, and no additional genealogical info is currently available.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. It is an exact 12/12 match with a substantial portion of our Armstrong data set.

by way of America

Samuel Armstrong,

died 1812

Samuel Amstrong may or may not be the correct name of this participant's earliest ancestor. Later generations in this line bore the given names John, Thomas and William, and migrated to Iowa and Indiana.

(More Info)

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. It is an exact 12/12 match with a substantial portion of our Armstrong data set.

Pennsylvania,

United States

Isaiah Armstrong,

1800 - 1830

According to family tradition, Isaiah's ancestor was one of four brothers who arrived from Ulster before the American Revolution and participated in the conflict. Isaiah himself migrated into the Cincinnati River Valley of Ohio, and perished in the wilderness in 1800. His son, George Washington Armstrong, married an immigrant of Londonderry, Mary Ann Pollock.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. It is an exact 12/12 match with a substantial portion of our Armstrong data set.

Out of 25 markers, 5VY56 is closest to ZMV8C, RHSQK and BRVZ3 at a distance of 1 step, and similarly close to numerous others. Like his closest matches, 5VY56 claims roots among the Scots-Irish settlers of Pennsylvania, so they are all most likely related. This cluster belongs squarely within the genetic mainstream of the Armstrong clan.

Pennsylvania,

United States

George Armstrong, b. 1844, died 1921

George was the illegitimate son of Quinton Armstrong and Mary Catharine Cary, both of Pennsylvania. The participant is uncertain which Quinton it was, as there were several living in Armstrong, Indiana, Westmoreland and Jefferson Counties between 1800 and 1860.

(Complete Family Tree)

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

Out of 37 markers, ZMV8C is 2 steps from BRVZ3, 3 steps from MH322, 4 steps from 778EW, HCUWR and JSXG7, and 5 steps from W32ZA, SXYJH, ADPFU and 222G8. It is also a 24/25 match with TERJG and DMHEG, and a 25/25 match with RHSQK. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

United States

George Armstrong,

born 20th century

This is a new participant, and we anticipate additional genealogical info.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

RHSQK is a 22/25 match with HCUWR, a 23/25 match with W32ZA and SXYJH, a 24/25 match with 222G8, TERJG, DMHEG and JSXG7, and a 25/25 match with BRVZ3 and ZMV8C. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

&

Gettysburg,

Adams County,

Pennsylvania,

United States

Quinton Armstrong,

1720 - 1796

Quinton Armstrong settled near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in 1765. The participant is quite sure he was Scots-Irish, but is uncertain whether he was born in Ulster or Scotland, or when he emigrated to America.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

BRVZ3 matches RHSQK and ZMV8C exactly on 25 markers, and - out of 37 markers - is only 2 steps distant from JSXG7 and 3 steps distant from SXYJH and MH322. It also matches several other Armstrongs closely enough to share a patrilineal ancestor in the last few hundred years. This participant is clearly in the Armstrong genetic mainstream.

by way of America

William Armstrong, b. 1757, died 1830

This participant is related to EMCS, and shares much of the same ancestry.

(More Info)

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

Out of 37 markers, HCUWR is 3 steps from MH322, 4 steps from ZMV8C, JSXG7 and BRVZ3, and 5 steps from W32ZA, SXYJH and 222G8. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

Wisconsin,

United States

Thomas Richard Armstrong,

born 1858

Thomas's father John S. Armstrong was born in England between 1828 and 1834, according to U.S. census data. John's wife Eliza Ash Armstrong was born in 1835. John was naturalized in Iowa circa 1868.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

Out of 30 shared markers, 53Q8G is 1 step distant from W32ZA and JSXG7. Out of 25 markers, 53Q8G is 1 step distant from DMHEG and TERJG. This participant exhibits similarly close matches with several other WAMH Armstrongs, and most likely belongs to the genetic mainstream of the clan.

Hampshire,

England

James Armstrong,

born mid 18th century

James Armstrong married Linny Littleworth at Steventon, Hampshire in 1772. His in-laws were reputedly servants to the family of the writer, Jane Austen. The Armstrongs were sawyers and carpenters for many generations. The participant surmises that his ancestors may have come to Southern England from Ulster.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

DMHEG is a 25/25 match with TERJG and JSXG7, a 24/25 match with 222G8, ZMV8C, SXYJH and RHSQK, and a 23/25 match with W32ZA and HCUWR. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

Pennsylvania,

United States

Adam Armstrong,

1716 - 1779

Adam Armstrong owned property along Conochacheague Creek, outside Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The participant believes that either Adam or his forebears may have emigrated directly from Scotland, although Ulster is another possibility.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

TERJG is a 25/25 match with DMHEG and JSXG7, a 24/25 match with 222G8, ZMV8C, SXYJH and RHSQK, and a 23/25 match with W32ZA and HCUWR. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

Robert Armstrong,

born 20th century

(No other information is available at this time.)

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

Out of 25 markers, 3BMJK is 1 step removed from DMHEG, JSXG7 and TERJG, and is a close match with many others. This Armstrong belongs to the genetic mainstream of the clan.

New York,

United States

Frank Armstrong,

born 1893

Frank's father, probably William Armstrong, emigrated from Ireland in 1879, first to Canada and then to the United States. William married in 1878, and fathered seven children.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

Out of 37 markers, JSXG7 is 1 step from SXYJH, 2 steps from BRVZ3, 3 steps from W32ZA and 222G8, and 4 steps from ZMV8C and HCUWR. It is also a 25/25 match with DMHEG and TERJG, and a 24/25 match with RHSQK. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

Erie County,

Pennsylvania

William Armstrong, b. 1825, died 1873

William's father reputedly emigrated from the Scottish Lowlands, and lived in Canada before moving to the U.S. William had three older brothers - Charles, who became a lawyer in West Virgina; James, who became a teacher in Lebanon, Tennessee; and Nate, who worked with the railroad in Michigan. The participant is descended from William's son Howard Blodgett Armstrong, born 1849 in Erie, PA, and Howard's son Kenneth Potter Armstrong, born 1887 in Somerville, Mass.

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. Exact match 12 for 12 with EMCS, HCUWR, ZMV8C, RHSQK, DMHEG and 222G8 - and one step away from SXYJH and 7MZHK.

Out of 37 markers, W32ZA is 2 steps from 222G8, 3 steps from JSXG7, 4 steps from SXYJH, and 5 steps from HCUWR, BRVZ3 and ZMV8C. It is a 23/25 match with RHSQK. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

222G8

Falstone,

Northumberland,

England

Thomas Armstrong, b. 1778

Thomas was living in Singdean, Castleton Parish before he married Jane Fenwick of Falstone, and moved to England. His son Francis, moved back to Scotland to live in Roberton, Roxburghshire. He and most of his children emigrated to New Zealand and Australia in the 1860's. The participant is descended from a branch of the family that stayed in Scotland, mostly Dumfries. Francis's brother George had several children who moved to Glasgow, Roxburghshire and Northumberland.

* A genealogy book published in 1900 identified Francis's son Thomas, born in Roberton in 1825, as the senior surviving descendant of the notorious Johnnie Armstrong (died circa 1530).

Western AMH is also the Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. Exact match 12 for 12 with W32ZA, HCUWR, ZMV8C, RHSQK, DMHEG and EMCS - and one step away from SXYJH and 7MZHK.

Out of 37 markers, 222G8 is 2 steps from W32ZA, 3 steps from JSXG7, 4 steps from SXYJH, and 5 steps from HCUWR and ZMV8C. It is also a 24/25 match with DMHEG. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

George Armstrong,

born 1790

According to family legend, George emigrated from England, appearing in New York in 1812, and later settling in Hamilton County, Ohio, where his son William was born in 1823. His wife was named Theresa Rice.

This haplotype is almost Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. One step away from all WAMH Armstrongs.

Despite the superficial resemblance of this AMH haplotype to those of other AMH participants, 2QNF6 actually has no close matches at either 25 or 37 markers.

Sebergham,

Cumberland,

England

John Armstrong,

1815 -1877

John was the oldest son of David and Frances Rutherford Armstrong. His siblings included Eleanor 1813, David 1818, Nancy 1829, William 1823, James 1829, and Adam 1829. John married Mary Jackson (possibly of Dumfries) in Lazonby, Cumberland and emigrated with his family to Canada in the 1840's. He purchased a farm in Brooke Twp., Lambton Cty., Ontario in 1853, and died there in 1877.

One Step Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from WAMH on the DYS389i marker, which is 14 rather than 13, throwing off the DYS389ii marker by 1 step as well. Its top matches in YHRD fall primarily among Basques, Spaniards and Hispanics, with a few high frequency matches in Sweden and Denmark. Closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in England, Ireland, France, Sweden, Germany and Italy. It is most likely of native British or Celtiberian origin, but could be Anglo-Danish.

Despite this participant's closeness to WAMH, 7V4G5 is not a close match to any other Armstrongs at either 25 or 37 markers. His closest matches in YSearch are, in fact, several 33/37 and 34/37 matches to members of the Beatty clan.

Cavan,

Ireland

William Armstrong,

1720 - 1808

Oral history dating back to the 1850's claims that these Armstrongs "came from Scotland and were connected with Johnny Armstrong".

One Step Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is nearly a perfect Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

At 37 markers, 54DST is 1 step distant from MH322, 3 steps from SXYJH, and 4 steps from JSXG7, ZMV8C, HCUWR and BRVZ3. This participant is clearly in the Armstrong genetic mainstream.

Canonbie,

Dumfriesshire,

Northern Ireland

Francis Armstrong,

born 1756

The father of Francis was John Armstrong. The participant is a resident of the United Kingdom.

One Step Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is nearly a perfect Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility.

At 37 markers, MH322 is 2 steps from SXYJH, and 3 steps from JSXG7, ZMV8C, HCUWR and BRVZ3. This participant is clearly in the Armstrong genetic mainstream.

SXYJH

Ballymena,

Antrim,

Northern Ireland

Samuel Armstrong, b. 1742, died 1809 in Abbeville, South Carolina

Samuel's descendants moved to Tennessee, then to Kentucky, next to Missouri, and finally to Iowa, where the participant was born in 1937. Further details may be found at the link below.

More Info

One Step Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype is nearly a perfect Western AMH. Most likely Pictish, Brythonic Celtic or Norse-Gaelic in origin - although any Western European background is a possibility. 11/12 match with all WAMH Armstrongs.

Out of 37 markers, SXYJH is 1 step distant from JSXG7, 2 steps distant from MH322, 3 steps distant from BRVZ3, 4 steps distant from W32ZA, and 5 steps distant from ZMV8C. All of these Armstrongs are most likely related.

John Armstrong,

1774 - 1879

John Armstrong was born in Ireland, but emigrated to Canada, settling in Carleton County, Ontario around 1845. There may be a connection to the Irwin/Irvine clan, as a woman named Mary Irwin or Irvine was associated with him circa 1861. The nature of their relationship is unknown. John came to Canada with three sons, including John, who was born in 1806 and died in Carleton County in 1886.

One Step Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from WAMH on the DYS385a marker, whose value is 12 instead of 11. Closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in the British Isles, with singletons in France, Germany, Norway, Iceland, Italy, Russia and the Czech Republic. Highest match frequencies in YHRD fall among Basques and Hispanic Americans, followed the Netherlands, Norway. Italy, France and Portugal. This haplotype could have come from anywhere in Western Europe, but among Britons its source is most likely prehistoric Iberia.

At 37 markers, MR3N9 has no close matches with any other Armstrongs in this data set.

County Antrim,

Northern Ireland

James H. Armstrong,

1817 -1867

The participant believes the father of James was David Armstrong, and that his grandfather was Samuel Armstrong, alleged to have been born in Ballymena, County Antrim circa 1742.

Two Steps Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by two 1 step mutations on the highest mutating markers - a 15 at DYS385b where the modal value is 14, and an 11 at DYS439 where the modal value is 12. The highest frequency matches in YHRD include a great many in European-American samples (most of these probably of Western European stock), the Netherlands, Ireland and Iberia. This is typical for an AMH haplotype, and is consistent with Iberian, Celtic or even Anglo-Saxon origins.

Out of 37 markers, ADPFU is 1 step distant from 778WE and 5 steps distant from ZMV8C. All of these Armstrongs exhibit a variation of the most typical Armstrong DNA signature, and are most likely related.

County Antrim,

Northern Ireland

James Armstrong,

1824 -1886

James was the father of Jane Ann (born 1884), David (born 1886), Margaret (born 1848), Annie Agnes (born 1850), Jennie (born 1852), Mary Ann (born 1854), Elizabeth (born 1857) and Sarah (born 1861).

Two Steps Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by two 1 step mutations on the highest mutating markers - a 15 at DYS385b where the modal value is 14, and an 11 at DYS439 where the modal value is 12. The highest frequency matches in YHRD include a great many in European-American samples (most of these probably of Western European stock), the Netherlands, Ireland and Iberia. This is typical for an AMH haplotype, and is consistent with Iberian, Celtic or even Anglo-Saxon origins.

Out of 37 markers, 778WE is 1 step from ADPFU and 5 steps from ZMV8C. It is also a 24/25 match with DMHEG. Despite the distance of 2 steps from WAMH, this participant is most likely related to the Armstrong genetic mainstream. This is especially evident from the DYS458 value of 19, and the DYS449 value of 32 - both typical of the 25 marker Armstrong Modal Haplotype.

Seth Armstrong,

born 20th century

This participant joined us from the Genographic Project and claims English ancestry, but no specific genealogical info is available at this time.

One Step Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a single 1 step mutation on the highest mutating marker - a 15 at DYS385b where the modal value is 14. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in the British Isles, Iberia, Iceland, Germany and France. The highest frequency matches in YHRD fall among European-American samples (most of these probably of Western European stock), and in the Netherlands, Ireland and Iberia. This spread is typical for an AMH haplotype, and is consistent with Iberian, Celtic or even Anglo-Saxon origins.

This participant is most likely related to the Armstrong genetic mainstream, but - since this is a common haplotype - an upgrade to 25 or 37 markers is required to determine if a relationship really exists.

County Tyrone,

Northern Ireland

? Armstrong,

1844 - 1902

This Armstrong was born in County Tyrone, but emigrated to the United States in 1862, and died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1902. The participant believes his ancestor was originally of Scottish descent.

An Armstrong With An Irvine/Irving Signature

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a single 1 step mutation on the highest mutating marker - a 15 at DYS385b where the modal value is 14. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in the British Isles, Iberia, Iceland, Germany and France. The highest frequency matches in YHRD fall among European-American samples (most of these probably of Western European stock), and in the Netherlands, Ireland and Iberia. This spread is typical for an AMH haplotype, and is consistent with Iberian, Celtic or even Anglo-Saxon origins.

UFTZP, 4V5F4 and Z8UP5, all with roots in County Tyrone, are an exact match on 25 markers. Although they also have greater affinity to the Irvine/Irving clan, they are still obviously related to one another.

County Tyrone,

Northern Ireland

Charles Armstrong,

born 20th century

This participant was enrolled by Z8UP5, and appears to be related. If so, both UFTZP and Z8UP5 share descent from David Armstrong, who was born in Dungannon, Pomeroy Parish in 1784, and died in Quebec in 1862. However, I have yet to confirm this with Z8UP5.

An Armstrong With An Irvine/Irving Signature

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a single 1 step mutation on the highest mutating marker - a 15 at DYS385b where the modal value is 14. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in the British Isles, Iberia, Iceland, Germany and France. The highest frequency matches in YHRD fall among European-American samples (most of these probably of Western European stock), and in the Netherlands, Ireland and Iberia. This spread is typical for an AMH haplotype, and is consistent with Iberian, Celtic or even Anglo-Saxon origins.

UFTZP is an exact match with 4V5F4 at 25 markers, and and nearly an exact match with Z8UP5 at 67 markers. As all of these Armstrongs share Tyrone roots, they are almost certainly related. Both UFTZP and Z8UP5 are also close matches at 37 markers with many Irvings, Irvines and Irwins - so it is most likely this branch of the Armstrong clan shares patrilineal descent with the genetic mainstream of the Irving clan.

Pomeroy Parish,

Tyrone,

Northern Ireland

David Armstrong,

1784 - 1862

David Armstrong first arrived in America at Fort Chambly, near Montreal, in 1817 as an artillery officer in the British army. Upon retirement from the service, he brought his family over from Ireland and established a farm at Irish Ridge, Godmanchester, Huntingdon, Quebec. In addition to his careers as a soldier and a farmer, he was ordained as a Methodist preacher in 1837. He is buried in Ormstown, Quebec.

An Armstrong With An Irvine/Irving Signature

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a single 1 step mutation on the highest mutating marker - a 15 at DYS385b where the modal value is 14. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in the British Isles, Iberia, Iceland, Germany and France. The highest frequency matches in YHRD fall among European-American samples (most of these probably of Western European stock), and in the Netherlands, Ireland and Iberia. This spread is typical for an AMH haplotype, and is consistent with Iberian, Celtic or even Anglo-Saxon origins.

UFTZP, 4V5F4 and Z8UP5, all with roots in County Tyrone, are an exact match on 25 markers. Although they also have greater affinity to the Irvine/Irving clan, they are still obviously related to one another.

Robert Armstrong, born 20th century

This participant joined us from the Genographic Project and claims Scottish ancestry, but no specific genealogical info is available at this time.

2 Steps Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a DYS19 value of 15 instead of 14, and a DYS391 value of 10 instead of 11. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in the Great Britain, Austria and Russia, with additional close matches largely in the British Isles and elsewhere in Northern Europe. Highest match frequencies in YHRD fall in Greece, Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Slovenia and Germany. It is frankly hard to say where this haplotype might have originated, but it could be just a local mutation from WAMH.

There are no matches closer than 10 out of 12 with any of the other Armstrongs in our data set.

County Tyrone,

Northern Ireland

James Armstrong,

born circa 1837

(No other information is available at this time.)

Three Steps Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a DYS19 value that is 15, where the modal value is 14, a DYS389ii value of 30, where the modal value is 29, and a DYS439 value of 13, where the modal value is 12. The highest frequency European matches in YHRD fall in Sweden, Hamburg, Norway, Catalonia, Bulgaria and London. This haplotype could have come to Britain with the Vikings or the Danes.

B36BB is not a close match with any other Armstrong in our data set.

Wauchope,

The Borders,

Scotland

John Armstrong,

born 1808

John Armstrong was born in Wauchope, in The Borders of Scotland, but no other information is currently available.

Unusual Armstrong R1b

This haplotype differs dramatically from WAMH and represents an entirely different line of Armstrongs. The closest Old World matches in YHRD fall in Germany, Italy, Austria and the Czech Republic, and the closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall in Germany, Italy and the British Isles. This haplotype may be of either Germanic or Celtic origin.

MXHFC is not a close match with any other Armstrong in our data set.

Dungannon/Pomeroy,

County Tyrone,

Northern Ireland

David Armstrong,

1784 - 1862

(No other information is available at this time.)

Armstrong With "Ui Niall" DNA Signature

This haplotype is a nearly perfect example of the classic Northwest Irish haplotype, often called the "Ui Niall" signature. The highest match frequencies in the YHRD database fall in Ireland, England and among European Americans in such places as Texas and Missouri. There are several other matches in parts of Iberia, and one in Zeeland. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall almost exclusively in Ireland. This haplotype may either be of native Northern Irish origin, or came to Southwest Scotland or Northwest England with Gaelic or Norse-Gaelic invaders prior to 1000 A.D. (Many of this participant's closest matches in Ysearch, in fact, bear Western Scottish or Irish names of reputedly Viking origin.)

UQ6K8 has as yet no close matches with any other Armstrongs in our data set.

Robert Armstrong,

born 20th century

No further genealogical info is available from this participant at this time.

1 Step Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype only by a DYS390 value of 25. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall predominantly in the British Isles, with several in Spain, France, Germany and elsewhere. The highest frequency European matches in YHRD fall in Northern Italy, Ireland, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal. This haplotype is most likely of native British origin.

At 37 markers, BFHWZ is 4 steps distant from MH322, and 5 steps distant from 54DST, VZS95, JSXG7, ZMV8C, BRVZ3 and HCUWR. This is close enough to put it in the genetic mainstream of the Armstrong clan.

County Antrim,

Northern Ireland

Samuel Armstrong,

1742 -1809

This Samuel Armstrong has the same date and place of birth as the Samuel Armstrong cited by participant ADPFU, but the genetic distance between the two participants precludes a shared paternal ancestor that recent.

Three Steps Off The Armstrong Modal Haplotype

This haplotype differs from the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype by a DYS385b value that is 15, where the modal value is 14, a DYS390 value of 25, where the modal value is 24, and a DYS439 value of 13, where the modal value is 12. The highest frequency European matches in YHRD fall in the Netherlands, Denmark, Spain, Switzerland, Ireland and Germany. This haplotype could easily be of either Celtic or Anglo-Saxon origin.

R2K7A is not a close match with any other Armstrong in our data set.

Northumberland,

England

Joseph Armstrong,

1899 -1965

The participant is a native of Northeast England, and Joseph was his grandfather. He believes that Joseph's father may have been named Sam, but isn't sure.

Armstrong R1b Haplotype With A DYS393 Value of 14

This haplotype is quite different from most of the other Armstrong R1b haplotypes and most likely represents a new lineage. The closest matches in the FTDNA Haplogroup database fall overwhelmingly in Ireland and other parts of the British Isles, with one each in Iceland and Lombardy. The highest European match frequencies in YHRD fall in Zeeland, Saxony, Switzerland, Poland and Italy. This haplotype is clearly Western European in origin, and could be of either native British Celtic or Anglo-Saxon descent.

There are no close matches so far with any of the other Armstrongs in our data set.