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Medical Terms
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A

Ablepsy Blindness

Abscess A localized collection of pus buried in tissues, organs, or confined

spaces of the body, often accompanied by swelling and

inflammation and frequently caused by bacteria. The brain, lung, or

kidney (for instance) could be involved. See boil.

Addison's Disease A disease characterized by severe weakness, low blood pressure,

and a bronzed coloration of the skin, due to decreased secretion of

cortisol from the adrenal gland. Dr. Thomas Addison (1793-1860),

born near Newcastle, England, described the disease in 1855.

Synonyms: Morbus addisonii, bronzed skin disease.

Ague Malarial or intermittent fever characterized by paroxysms (stages of

chills, fever, and sweating at regularly recurring times) and

followed by an interval or intermission whose length determines the

epithets: quotidian, tertian, quartan, and quintan ague (defined in the

text). Popularly, the disease was known as "fever and ague," "chill

fever," "the shakes," and by names expressive of the locality in which

it was prevalent - such as, "swamp fever" (in Louisiana), "Panama

fever," and "Chagres fever."

Ague-cake A form of enlargement of the spleen, resulting from the action of

malaria on the system.

American Plague Yellow Fever

Anasarca Generalized massive edema

Aphonia Laryngitis

Aphtha The infant disease, thrush

Aphthae See thrush.

Aphthous Stomatitis See canker.

Apoplexy Paralysis due to stroke

Ascites See dropsy.

Asphycsia/Asphicsia Cyanotic and lack of oxygen

Asthenia See debility.

Atrophy Wasting away or diminishing in size
B

Bad Blood Syphilis

Bilious Fever Typhoid, malaria, hepatitis or elevated temperature and bile emesis

Biliousness Jaundice associated with liver disease

Black Death Bubonic Plague

Black Fever Acute infection with high temperature, dark red skin lesions, and a

high mortality rate

Black Plague or Black Bubonic Plague

Black Pox Black Small pox

Black Vomit Vomiting old black blood due to ulcers or Yellow Fever

Blackwater Fever Dark urine associated with high temperature

Bladder in Throat Diphtheria

Blood Poisoning Bacterial infection, septicemia

Bloody Flux Bloody stools

Bloody Sweat Sweating sickness

Boil An abscess of skin or painful, circumscribed inflammation of the

skin or a hair follicle, having a dead, pus-forming inner core, usually

caused by a staphylococcal infection. Synonym: furuncle.

Bone Shave Sciatica

Brain Fever Meningitis

Breakbone Dengue fever

Bright's Disease Chronic inflammatory disease of kidneys

Bronchial Asthma A paroxysmal, often allergic disorder of breathing, characterized by

spasm of the bronchial tubes of the lungs, wheezing, and difficulty

in breathing air outward - often accompanied by coughing and a

feeling of tightness in the chest. In the nineteenth century the direct

causes were thought to be dust, vegetable irritants, chemical vapors,

animal emanations, climatic influences, and bronchial inflammation

- all of which were reasonable guesses. The indirect causes were

thought to be transmissions by the nervous system or by the blood

from gout, syphilis, skin disease, renal disease, or heredity. Only

the latter cause was a reasonable assumption.

Bronze John Yellow fever

Bronzed Skin Disease See Addison’s Disease

Bule Boil, tumor or swelling
C

Cachexy Malnutrition

Cacogastric Upset stomach

Cacospysy Irregular pulse

Caduceus Subject to falling sickness or epilepsy

Camp Fever Typhus, Camp Diarrhea

Cancer A malignant and invasive growth or tumor (especially tissue that

covers a surface or lines a cavity), tending to recur after excision

and to spread to other sites. In the nineteenth century, physicians

noted that cancerous tumors tended to ulcerate, grew constantly,

and progressed to a fatal end and that there was scarcely a tissue

they would not invade. Synonyms: malignant growth, carcinoma.

Cancrum Otis A severe, destructive, eroding ulcer of the cheek and lip, rapidly

proceeding to sloughing. In the last century it was seen in delicate,

ill-fed, ill-tended children between the ages of two and five. The

disease was the result of poor hygiene acting upon a debilitated

system. It commonly followed one of the eruptive fevers and was

often fatal. The destructive disease could, in a few days, lead to

gangrene of the lips, cheeks, tonsils, palate, tongue, and even half

the face; teeth would fall from their sockets, and a horribly fetid

saliva flowed from the parts. Synonyms: canker, water canker,

noma, gangrenous stomatitis, gangrenous ulceration of the mouth.

Canine Madness Rabies, Hydrophobia

Canker Ulceration of mouth or lips or herpes simplex

Carcinoma See cancer.

Catalepsy Seizures, Trances

Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane, especially of the air passages

of the head and throat, with a free discharge. It is characterized by

cough, thirst, lassitude, fever, watery eyes, and increased secretions

of mucus from the air passages. Bronchial catarrh was bronchitis;

suffocative catarrh was croup; urethral catarrh was gleet; vaginal

catarrh was leukorrhea; epidemic catarrh was the same as influenza.

Synonyms: cold, coryza.

Catarrhal Nose and throat discharge from cold or allergy

Cerebritis Inflammation of cerebrum or lead poisoning

Chilblain Swelling of extremities caused by exposure to cold

Child Bed Fever Infection following birth of a child

Childbirth A cause given for many female deaths of the century. Almost all

babies were born in homes and usually were delivered by a family

member or a midwife; thus infection and lack of medical skill were

often the actual causes of death.

Chin Cough Whooping Cough

Chlorosis Iron deficiency anemia

Cholecystitus Inflammation of the gall bladder

Cholelithiasis Gall stones

Cholera Acute severe contagious diarrhea with intestinal lining sloughing

Cholera Morbus Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, elevated temperature, etc.

Possibly appendicitis

Chorea Any of several diseases of the nervous system, characterized by

jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are

performed involuntarily, chiefly of the face and extremities.

Synonym: Saint Vitus' dance.

Chronic Persisting over a long period of time as opposed to acute or sudden.

This word was often the only one entered under "cause of death" in

the mortality schedules. The actual disease meant by the term is

open to speculation.

Cold Plague Convulsions, contortions and dancing

Colic Abdominal pain and cramping

Commotion Concussion

Congestion Collection of fluid in an organ, such as the lungs

Congestive Chills Malaria with diarrhea

Congestive Fever Malaria

Consumption Tuberculosis

Convulsions Severe contortion of the body caused by violent, involuntary

muscular contractions of the extremities, trunk, and head. See

Corruption Infection

Coryza A cold

Costiveness Constipation

Cramp Colic Appendicitis

Cretinism Hypothyroidism, congential

Crop Sickness Overextended stomach

Croup Laryngitis, diphtheria, or strep throat

Cyanosis Dark skin color from lack of oxygen in blood

Cynanche Diseases of throat

Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder
D

Day Fever Fever lasting one day, sweating sickness

Debility Lack of movement or staying in bed

Decrepitude Feebleness due to old age

Delirium Tremens Hallucinations due to alcoholism

Dengue East African infectious fever

Dentition Cutting of teeth

Deplumation Tumor of the eyelids which causes hair loss

Diary Fever A fever that lasts one day

Diphtheria Acute infectious disease caused by toxigenic strains of the bacillus

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, acquired by contact with an infected

person or a carrier of the disease. It was usually confined to the

upper respiratory tract (throat) and characterized by the formation

of a tough membrane (false membrane) attached firmly to the

underlying tissue that would bleed if forcibly removed. In the

nineteenth century the disease was occasionally confused with

Distemper Usually animal disease with malaise, discharge from nose and

throat, anorexia

Dock Fever Yellow Fever

Dropsy Edema (swelling), often caused by kidney or heart disease

Dropsy of the Brain Encephalitis

Dry Bellyache Lead poisoning

Dyscrasy An abnormal body condition

Dysentery Inflammation of colon with frequent passage of mucous and blood

Dysorexy Reduced appetite

Dyspepsia Indigestion and heartburn. Heart attack symptoms

Dysury Difficulty in urination
E

Eclampsia Form of toxemia (toxins or poisons in the blood) accompanying

pregnancy, characterized by albuminuria (protein in the urine), by

hypertension (high blood pressure), and by convulsions. In the last

century, the term was used for any form of convulsion. Edema. See

dropsy.

Eclampsy Symptoms of epilepsy, convulsions during labor

Ecstasy A form of catalepsy characterized by loss of reason

Edema Nephrosis, swelling of tissues

Edema of Lungs Congestive heart failure, a form of dropsy

Eel Thing Erysipelas

Effluvia Exhalations or emanations, applied especially to those of noxious

character. In the mid-nineteenth century, they were called "vapours"

and distinguished into the contagious effluvia, such as rubeolar

(measles); marsh effluvia, such as miasmata; and those arising from

animals or vegetables, such as odors.

Elephantiasis A form of leprosy

Emphysema, pulmonary A chronic, irreversible disease of the lungs, characterized by

abnormal enlargement of air spaces in the lungs and accompanied by

destruction of the tissue lining the walls of the air sacs. By 1900

the condition was recognized as a chronic disease of the lungs

associated with marked dyspnea (shortness of breath), hacking

cough, defective aeration (oxygenation) of the blood, cyanosis (blue

color of facial skin), and a full and rounded or "barrel-shaped"

chest. This disease is now most commonly associated with tobacco

Encephalitis Swelling of brain, Sleeping Sickness

Enteric Fever Typhoid Fever

Enteritis Inflation of the bowels

Enterocolitis Inflammation of the intestines

Epilepsy Disorder of the nervous system, characterized either by mild,

episodic loss of attention or sleepiness (petittnal) or by severe

convulsions with loss of consciousness (grand mal). Synonyms:

Epitaxis Nose bleed

Erysipelas Contagious skin disease, due to Streptococci with vesicular and

bulbous lesions

Extravasted Blood Rupture of a blood vessel
F

Falling Sickness Epilepsy

Fatty Liver Cirrhosis

Fits Sudden attack or seizure of muscle activity

Flux Excessive flow or discharge of fluid like hemorrhage or diarrhea

Flux of Humour Circulation

French Pox Syphilis

Furuncle See boil.
G

Gangrene Death and decay of tissue in a part of the body - usually a limb - due

to injury, disease, or failure of blood supply. Synonym:

Gathering Collection of pus

Glandular Fever Mononucleosis

Gleet See catarrh.

Gravel - Disease characterized by multiple small calculi (stones or

concretions of mineral salts) which are formed in the kidneys,

passed along the ureters to the bladder, and expelled with the urine.

Great pox Syphilis

Green Fever Anemia

Grippe/Grip Influenza-like symptoms

Grocer's Itch Skin disease caused by mites in sugar or flour
H

Heart Sickness Condition caused by loss of salt from body

Heat Stroke Elevated body temperature due to surrounding environmental

temperature. Body fails to perspire to reduce temperature. Coma

and death result if not reversed

Hectic Fever Daily recurring fever with profound sweating, chills, and flushed

appearance--often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis or septic

poisoning.

Hectical Complaint Recurrent fever

Hematemesis Vomiting blood

Hematuria Bloody urine

Hemiplegy Paralysis of one side of body

Hip Gout Osteomylitis

Hives Skin eruption of wheals (smooth, slightly elevated areas on the skin)

which is redder or paler than the surrounding skin. Often attended

by severe itching, it usually changes its size or shape or disappears

within a few hours. It is the dermal evidence of allergy. See the

discussion under croup; also called cynanche trachealis. In the mid-

nineteenth century, hives was a commonly given cause of death of

children three years and under. Because true hives does not kill,

croup was probably the actual cause of death in those children.

Horrors Delirium tremens

Hospital fever See typhus.

Hydrocephalus Enlarged head, water on the brain

Hydropericardium Heart dropsy

Hydrophobia Rabies

Hydrothorax See dropsy.

Hydrothroax Dropsy in chest

Hypertrophic Enlargement of organ, like the heart
I

ImpetigoContagious skin disease characterized by pustules

InanitionPhysical condition resulting from lack of food

Infantile ParalysisPolio

Intestinal colicAbdominal pain due to improper diet

Icterus See jaundice.

Impetigo Contagious skin disease characterized by pustules

Inanition Physical condition resulting from lack of food

Infantile Paralysis Polio

Infection The affection or contamination of a person, organ, or wound with

invading, multiplying, disease - producing germs - such as bacteria,

rickettsiae, viruses, molds, yeasts, and protozoa. In the early part of

the last century, infections were thought to be the propagation of

disease by effluvia (see above) from patients crowded together.

"Miasms" were believed to be substances which could not be seen in

any form - emanations not apparent to the senses. Such miasms

were understood to act by infection.

Inflammation Redness, swelling, pain, tenderness, heat, and disturbed function of

an area of the body, especially as a reaction of tissue to injurious

agents. This mechanism serves as a localized and protective

response to injury. The word ending -itis denotes inflammation on

the part indicated by the word stem to which it is attached - that is,

appendicitis, pleuritis, etc. Microscopically, it involves a complex

series of events, including enlargement of the sizes of blood

vessels; discharge of fluids, including plasma proteins; and

migration of leukocytes (white blood cells) into the inflammatory

focus. In the last century, cause of death often was listed as

inflammation of a body organ - such as, brain or lung - but this was

purely a descriptive term and is not helpful in identifying the actual

underlying disease.

Intestinal Colic Abdominal pain due to improper diet

Intussusception Slipping of one part within another, as the prolapse of one part of

the intestine into the lumen of an immediately adjoining part. This

leads to obstruction and often must be relieved by surgery.

Synonym: introsusception.
J

Jail Fever Typhus, Camp Diarrhea

Jaundice Condition caused by blockage of intestines
K

Kidney stone See gravel.

King's Evil Tuberculosis of neck and lymph glands

Kruchhusten Whooping cough
L

Lagrippe Influenza

Laryngismus Stridulus Spasmodic croup

Lockjaw Tetanus or infectious disease affecting the muscles of the neck and

jaw. Untreated, it is fatal in 8 days

Long Sickness Tuberculosis

Lues Disease Syphilis

Lues Venera Venerial Disease

Lumbago Back pain

Lung Fever Pneumonia

Lung Sickness Tuberculosis

Lying In Time of delivery of infant
M

Malignant Fever See typhus.

Malignant Sore Throat Diphtheria

Mania Insanity

Marasmus Progressive wasting away of body, malnutrition

Marasmus - Malnutrition occurring in infants and young children, caused by an

insufficient intake of calories or protein and characterized by

thinness, dry skin, poor muscle development, and irritability. In the

mid-nineteenth century, specific causes were associated with

specific ages: In infants under twelve months old, the causes were

believed to be unsuitable food, chronic vomiting, chronic diarrhea,

and inherited syphilis. Between one and three years, marasmus was

associated with rickets or cancer. After the age of three years,

caseous (cheeselike) enlargement of the mesenteric glands (located

in the peritoneal fold attaching the small intestine to the body wall)

became a given cause of wasting. (See tabes mesenterica.) After the

sixth year, chronic pulmonary tuberculosis appeared to be the major

cause. Marasmus is now considered to be related to kwashiorkor, a

severe protein deficiency.

Membranous Croup Diphtheria

Meningitis Inflation of brain or spinal cord

Metritis Inflammation of uterus or purulent vaginal discharge

Miasma Poisonous vapors thought to infect the air

Milk Fever Disease from drinking contaminated milk, like undulant fever or

brucellosis

Milk Leg Post partum thrombophlebitis

Milk Sick Poisoning resulting from the drinking of milk produced by a cow

who had eaten a plant known as white snake root

Milk Sickness Disease from milk of cattle which had eaten poisonous weeds

Morbus Latin word for disease. In the last century, when applied to a

particular disease, morbus was associated with some qualifying

adjective or noun, indicating the nature or seat of such disease.

Examples: morbus cordis, heart disease; morbus caducus, epilepsy

Mormal Gangrene

Morphew Scurvy blisters on the body

Mortification Gangrene of necrotic tissue

Myelitis Inflammation of the spine

Myocarditis Inflammation of heart muscles
N

Necrosis Mortification of bones or tissue

Nephrosis Kidney degeneration

Nepritis Inflammation of kidneys

Nervous Prostration Extreme exhaustion from inability to control physical and mental

activities

Neuralgia Described as discomfort, such as Headache was neuralgia in head

Nostalgia Homesickness
P

Palsy Paralysis or uncontrolled movement of controlled muscles

Paristhmitis See quinsy.

Paroxysm Convulsion

Pemphigus Skin disease of watery blisters

Pericarditis Inflammation of heart

Peripneumonia Inflammation of lungs

Peritonotis Inflammation of abdominal area

Petechial Fever Fever characterized by skin spotting

Phthiriasis Lice infestation

Phthisis Chronic wasting away or a name for tuberculosis

Piles Hemorrhoids

Plague An acute febrile highly infectious disease with a high fatality rate

Pleurisy Any pain in the chest area with each breath

Pneumonia Inflammation of the lungs with congestion or consolidation caused

by viruses, bacteria, or physical and chemical agents.

Podagra Gout

Poliomyelitis Polio

Potter's Asthma Fibroid pthisis

Pott's Disease Tuberculosis of spine

Puerperal Exhaustion Death due to child birth

Puerperal Fever Elevated temperature after giving birth to an infant

Puking Fever Milk sickness

Pus A yellow-white, more or less viscid substance found in abscesses

and sores, consisting of a liquid plasma in which white blood cells

are formed and suspended by the process of inflammation.

Putrid Fever Diphtheria

Putrid Sore Throat Ulceration of an acute form, attacking the tonsils and rapidly

running into sloughing of the fauces (the cavity at the back of the

mouth, leading to the pharynx).

Pyrexia See dysentery.
Q

Quinsy Tonsillitis
R

Remitting Fever Malaria

Rheumatism Any disorder associated with pain in joints

Rickets Disease of skeletal system

Rose Cold Hay fever or nasal symptoms of an allergy

Rubeola German measles
S

Sanguineous Crust Scab

Scarlatina Scarlet fever. A contagious febrile disease, caused by infection with

the bacteria group. A beta-hemolytic streptococci (which elaborate

a toxin with an affinity for red blood cells) and characterized by a

scarlet eruption, tonsillitis, and pharyngitis.

Scarlet Fever A disease characterized by red rash

Scarlet Rash Roseola

Sciatica Rheumatism in the hips

Scirrhus Cancerous tumors

Scotomy Dizziness, nausea and dimness of sight

Screws Rheumatism

Scrivener's Palsy Writer's cramp

Scrofula Tuberculosis of neck lymph glands. Progresses slowly with

abscesses and pistulas develop. Young person's disease.

Scrumpox Skin disease, impetigo

Scurvy Lack of vitamin C; weakness, spongy gums, and hemorrhages under

Septic Infected, a condition of local or generalized invasion of the body by

disease causing microorganisms (germs) or their toxins.

Septicemia Blood poisoning

Shakes Delirium tremens

Shaking Chills, ague

Shingles Viral disease with skin blisters

Ship Fever Typhus

Siriasis Inflammation of the brain due to sun exposure

Sloes Milk sickness

Small Pox Contagious disease with fever and blisters

Softening of Brain Result of stroke or hemorrhage in the brain, with an end result of

the tissue softening in that area

Sore Throat Distemper Diphtheria or quinsy

Spanish Influenza Epidemic influenza

Spasms Sudden involuntary contraction of muscle or group of muscles, like

a convulsion

Spina Bifida Deformity of spine

Spotted Fever Either typhus or meningitis

Sprue Tropical disease characterized by intestinal disorders and sore throat

St. Anthony's Also erysipelas, but named so because of affected skin areas are

bright red in appearance

St. Anthony's Fire Also erysipelas, but named so because of affected skin areas are

bright red in appearance

St. Vitas Dance Ceaseless occurrence of rapid complex jerking movements

performed involuntarily

Stomatitis Inflammation of the mouth

Stranger's Fever Yellow fever

Strangery Rupture

Sudor Anglicus Sweating sickness

Suffocation Stoppage of respiration. In the nineteenth century, suffocation was

reported as being accidental or homicidal. The accidents could be

by the impaction of pieces of food or other obstacles in the pharynx

or by the entry of foreign bodies into the larynx (as a seed, coin, or

food). Suffocation of newborn children by smothering under

bedclothes may have happened from carelessness as well as from

intent. However, the deaths also could have been due to SIDS

(sudden infant death syndrome), wherein the sudden and unexpected

death of an apparently healthy infant, while asleep, typically occurs

between the ages of three weeks and five months and is not

explained by careful postmortem studies. Synonyms of SIDS: crib

death and cot death. It was felt that victims of homicidal suffocation

were chiefly

Summer Complaint Diarrhea, usually in infants caused by spoiled milk

Sunstroke Uncontrolled elevation of body temperature due to environment

heat. Lack of sodium in the body is a predisposing cause

Suppuration The production of pus.

Swamp Sickness Could be malaria, typhoid or encephalitis

Sweating Sickness Infectious and fatal disease common to UK in 15th century
T

Tabes Mesenterica Tuberculosis of the mesenteric glands in children, resulting in

digestive derangement and wasting of the body.

Teething Process which results in the eruption of the teeth. Nineteenth

century medical reports stated that infants were more prone to

disease at the time of teething. Symptoms were restlessness,

fretfulness, convulsions, diarrhea, and painful and swollen gums.

The latter could be relieved by lancing over the protruding tooth.

Often teething was reported as a cause of death in infants. Perhaps

they became susceptible to infections, especially if lancing was

performed without antisepsis. Another explanation of teething as a

cause of death is that infants were often weaned at the time of

teething; perhaps they then died from drinking contaminated milk,

leading to an infection, or from malnutrition if watered down milk

was given.

Tetanus Infectious fever characterized by high fever, headache and dizziness

Thrombosis Blood Vessel Clot

Thrush Childhood disease characterized by spots on mouth, lips and throat

Tick Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Toxemia of Pregnancy Eclampsia

Trench Mouth Painful ulcers found along gum line, caused by poor nutrition and

poor hygiene

Trismus Nascentium or Form of tetanus seen only in infants, almost invariably in the first

five days of life, probably due to infection of the umbilical stump.

Tussis Convulsiva Whooping cough

Typhoid Usually introduced by food or drink. Symptoms include prolonged

hectic fever, malaise, transient characteristic skin rash (rose spots),

abdominal pain, enlarged spleen, slowness of heart rate, delirium,

and low white blood cell count. The name came from the disease's

similarity to typhus (see below). Synonym: enteric fever.

Typhoid fever An infectious, often fatal, febrile disease, usually occurring in the

summer months characterized by intestinal inflammation and

ulceration caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi

Typhus An acute, infectious disease caused by several micro-organism

species of Rickettsia (transmitted by lice and fleas) and

characterized by acute prostration, high fever, depression, delirium,

headache, and a peculiar eruption of reddish spots on the body. The

epidemic or classic form is louse borne; the endemic or murine is

flea borne. Synonyms: typhus fever, malignant fever (in the 1850s),

jail fever, hospital fever, ship fever, putrid fever, brain fever, bilious

fever, spotted fever, petechial fever, camp fever.

Typhus (Fred Rump) Does not equal typhoid, of course, but it is common to confuse the

two diseases due to the similarity in their names. The reservoir of

typhoid fever is humans. Mode of transmission of typhoid fever is

by food & water contaminated by feces and urine of patients and
V

Variola Smallpox

Venesection Bleeding

Viper's Dance see St. Vitus Dance

Virus An ultramicroscopic, metabolically inert infectious agent that

replicates only within the cells of living hosts, mainly bacteria,

plants, and animals. In the early 1800s virus meant poison, venom,
W

Water on Brain Enlarged head

White Swelling Tuberculosis of the bone

Winter Fever Pneumonia

Womb Fever Uterus infection

Worm Fit Convulsions associated with teething, worms elevated temperature

or diarrhea
Y

Yellow fever An acute, often fatal, infectious febrile disease of warm climates

caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes, especially Aledes

aegypti, and characterized by liver damage and jaundice, fever, and

protein in the urine. In 1900 Walter Reed and others in Panama

found that mosquitoes transmit the disease. Clinicians in. the late

nineteenth century recognized "specific yellow fever" as being

different from "malarious yellow fever." The latter supposedly was a

form of malaria with liver involvement but without urine

Yellowjacket Yellow Fever





Current Date:
Modified Date: August 25, 2006
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