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More about mutation rates, individual markers and ancestral haplotypes

 

1.Clan MacLeod Project Overview / 2. Clan MacLeod Project Modal Haplotype (Hypothetical) / 3. Ancestral Modal Haplotypes /

4. Understanding the Markers and Mutation Rates / 5. Our Participants Results / 6. A Closer Look at our matches / 7. Current Conclusions

NEW PAGES : Full Result Table / Sub Group B Results Table / Branching Table / LCF Rates Table / Frequently Asked Questions / Mutation Rates

FTDNA uses a standard rate of .0040 for the markers, while other companies use .002 - the surname projects seem to substantiate FTDNA's rate. Kerchner's webpage has a good discussion of this using his own project's mutation rates. Interestingly, he also discusses the mutation rates for haplotypes as well as individual markers. The number of generations that a haplotype can survive unchanged could be of great importance to our MacLeod project in that we have toggling alleles at DYS 389i & ii and DYS 459b.

The table below shows the four 67 marker haplotypes that appear to be the most common among known families and suspected branches in the project as of today. These haplotypes represent the toggling that is occurring among the kits shown as related to one another and to the project haplotype (currently #1 in the table). For haplotypes, a slightly higher rate is used by FTDNA.

FTDNA Configuration - DNA Results Comparison - YUtility
ID D
Y
S
3
9
3
 D
Y
S
3
9
0
 D
Y
S
1
9
/
3
9
4
 D
Y
S
3
9
1
 D
Y
S
3
8
5
a
 D
Y
S
3
8
5
b
 D
Y
S
4
2
6
 D
Y
S
3
8
8
 D
Y
S
4
3
9
 D
Y
S
3
8
9
-
1
 D
Y
S
3
9
2
 D
Y
S
3
8
9
-
2
 D
Y
S
4
5
8
 D
Y
S
4
5
9
a
 D
Y
S
4
5
9
b
 D
Y
S
4
5
5
 D
Y
S
4
5
4
 D
Y
S
4
4
7
 D
Y
S
4
3
7
 D
Y
S
4
4
8
 D
Y
S
4
4
9
 D
Y
S
4
6
4
a
 D
Y
S
4
6
4
b
 D
Y
S
4
6
4
c
 D
Y
S
4
6
4
d
 D
Y
S
4
6
0
 G
A
T
A
H
4
 Y
C
A
I
I
a
 Y
C
A
I
I
b
 D
Y
S
4
5
6
 D
Y
S
6
0
7
 D
Y
S
5
7
6
 D
Y
S
5
7
0
 C
D
Y
a
 C
D
Y
b
 D
Y
S
4
4
2
 D
Y
S
4
3
8
 D
Y
S
5
3
1
 D
Y
S
5
7
8
 D
Y
S
3
9
5
S
1
a
 D
Y
S
3
9
5
S
1
b
 D
Y
S
5
9
0
 D
Y
S
5
3
7
 D
Y
S
6
4
1
 D
Y
S
4
7
2
 D
Y
S
4
0
6
S
1
 D
Y
S
5
1
1
 D
Y
S
4
2
5
 D
Y
S
4
1
3
a
 D
Y
S
4
1
3
b
 D
Y
S
5
5
7
 D
Y
S
5
9
4
 D
Y
S
4
3
6
 D
Y
S
4
9
0
 D
Y
S
5
3
4
 D
Y
S
4
5
0
 D
Y
S
4
4
4
 D
Y
S
4
8
1
 D
Y
S
5
2
0
 D
Y
S
4
4
6
 D
Y
S
6
1
7
 D
Y
S
5
6
8
 D
Y
S
4
8
7
 D
Y
S
5
7
2
 D
Y
S
6
4
0
 D
Y
S
4
9
2
 D
Y
S
5
6
5
1 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 16 9 10 11 11 26 15 19 31 14 15 15 16 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 37 12 12 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 16 8 12 22 20 15 12 11 13 11 11 12 12
2 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 14 13 30 16 9 11 11 11 26 15 19 31 14 15 15 16 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 37 12 12 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 16 8 12 22 20 15 12 11 13 11 11 12 12
3 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 14 13 30 16 9 10 11 11 26 15 19 31 14 15 15 16 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 37 12 12 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 16 8 12 22 20 15 12 11 13 11 11 12 12
4 13 25 14 11 11 14 12 12 12 13 13 29 16 9 11 11 11 26 15 19 31 14 15 15 16 11 11 19 23 16 15 18 17 37 37 12 12 11 9 15 16 8 10 10 8 10 10 12 23 23 16 10 12 12 16 8 12 22 20 15 12 11 13 11 11 12 12

This second table shows the TMRCA for the four haplotypes as calculated by YUtility - italics/red font mine

Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (Years)
ID 1 2 3 4
1 - 360 (cr. 1649) 300 (cr. 1709) 300 (cr. 1709)
2 360 (cr. 1649) - 300 (cr. 1709) 300 (cr. 1709)
3 300 (cr. 1709) 300 (cr. 1709) - 360 (cr. 1649)
4 300 (cr. 1709) 300 (cr. 1709) 360 (cr. 1649) -

- Infinite allele mutation model is used
- Average mutation rate varies: 0.0041 to 0.0041, from FTDNA derived rates
- Probability is 95% that the TMRCA is no longer than indicated
- Average generaton: 30 years

Due to the toggling at DYS 389 and DYS 459b, matches on these markers should be viewed as convergence (random mutation to the same allele) unless other factors exist to indicate a more recent branching than that indicated by the TRMCA predictions above.

The following information uses a rate of .002 which was the standard in the early years of Genetic DNA testing as compared to Kerchner's Project rate which varies from testing level to testing level. The MacLeod project indicates that the Clan's mutation rate varies from branch to branch and so falls somewhere in between the two rates.

Y-STR (37) haplotype mutation rate
A new mutation can happen at any time but a 37 marker haplotype using the .002 historical rate indicates it can typically survive unchanged since the generation of the prior mutation event for a bit more than a dozen generations (approximately 360 years). Random matches are minimal. Random matches in the MacLeod Project using the current project haplotype = 1 at 37 - 1 (a MacKenzie); 1 at 37 - 2 (a Gallie); 3 at 37 - 3 (a Ross, a MacQueen, a Helton)

Kerchner Surname Project the 37 marker average haplotype mutation rate for ten people YDNA37 tested is .0057. The 37 Kerchner haplotype on average can typically survive unchanged about 4.7 generations (approximately 141 years) . Random matches are minimal. Random matches in the MacLeod Project using the current project haplotype = 1 at 37 - 1 (a MacKenzie); 1 at 37 - 2 (a Gallie); 3 at 37 - 3 (a Ross, a MacQueen, a Helton)

Y-STR (67) haplotype mutation rate
A new mutation can happen at any time but a 67 marker haplotype using the .002 historical rate indicates it can typically survive unchanged since the generation of the prior mutation event for a bit more than seven generations (approximately 210 years). Random matches will be minimal, if any. Random matches in the MacLeod Project using the current project haplotype = 67 - 3 (Ross); 67 - 6 (McKinney)

Kerchner Surname Project the 67 marker average haplotype mutation rate for the seven people YDNA67 marker tested is .0043. The 67 Kerchner haplotype on average can typically survive unchanged about 3.5 generations (approximately 105 years). Random matches unlikely. Random matches in the MacLeod Project using the current project haplotype = 67 - 3 (Ross); 67 - 6 (McKinney)

First Table - Full Results / Second Table - Related Kits / This Page - Mutation Rates

DYS # Mutation Rate
Mutations found in kits that are within allowable distances from the current MacLeod Project Haplotype
(does not include 12 marker only kits)
DYS 393

1 mutation from the Project Allele of 13 - this kit, added June 2009, has a Unique Mutation Event among the Sub Group B Related MacLeods participants - he is a Gen 2 at 37 markers to the Sub Group B haplotype

150848 DYS 393 = 14 Unique Mutation Event among related kits - Additional miss at DYS 391=10/DYS 389i& ii = 13/29/DYS 459b=11 of the Sub Group - no known Ancestral Haplotype to date
DYS 390
.0040

2 mutations from the Project Allele of 25

Kit 93694 DYS 390 = 24 Ancestral Haplotype indicates mutation occurred within the last 6.3 generations (MRCA b. 1783) mutation can be ignored when comparing to other kits known to have no CA with this family since 1783)
Kit 66014 DYS 390 = 24 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
DYS 19
.0040

5 mutations - From the Project Allele of 14 - Could be a branch indicator - YUtility predicts that the first four kits shared a CA between 1450 and 1870 a.d. - testing of cousins could find recent mutations (since MRCA) that then could be ignored in comparing these kits which would narrow the TMRCA (Kit 106635 TMRCA with other four kits = 1060 - 1300 a.d.)

Kit 36589 DYS 19 = 15 - NC - No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
Kit 30101 DYS 19 = 15 Sandhills NC - cousin of Kit 30102? - if so, mutation occurred in a generation prior to MRCA
Kit 30102 DYS 19 = 15 Sandhills NC - cousin of Kit 30101? - if so, mutation occurred in a generation prior to MRCA
Kit 38282 DYS 19 = 15 Sandhills NC - No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
Kit 106635 DYS 19 = 15 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins

DYS 391
.0040

 

5 mutations from the Project Allele of 11

Kit 32956 DYS 391 = 10 Ancestral Haplotype with Kit 24712 indicates mutation occurred within the last 6-7 generations (MRCA b. 1770) - mutation can be ignored when comparing to other kits known to have no CA with this family since 1770
Kit 24712 DYS 391 = 12 Kit 32956 mutated one step down to a 10 while this kit mutated one step up to a 12 - double mutation (MRCA b. 1770) - mutation can be ignored when comparing to other kits known to have no CA with family since 1770
Kit 63702 DYS 391 = 10 Could be a branch indicator for this kit and kit 81878 - a 37 Gen Distance of 2 to kit 81878 sharing another miss at GATAH4 - no knowledge of relationship- No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins - YUtility indicates TMRCA w/ kit 81878 within last 12 generations or since cr 1649 ad
Kit 81878 DYS 391 = 10 Could be a branch indicator for this kit and kit 63702 - a 37 Gen Distance of 2 to kit 63702 sharing another miss at GATAH4 - no knowledge of relationship - No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins - YUtility indicates TMRCA w/ kit 81878 within 12 generations or since cr 1649 ad
kit 150848 DYS 391 = 10 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
DYS 385a
.0040

One mutation from the Project Allele of 11 -

Kit 37392- DYS 385a = 12 Raasay Kit - Possibly a Unique Mutation Event among related kits - Ancestral Haplotype triangulated with Talisker and Arnisdale/Waternish indicates this occurred in the last 18 generations (since 1300) - testing of cousins closer in time may clarify this mutation - does not appear to be indicative of any branching since this kit is to date the only kit with a mutation at this marker
DYS 385b
.0040

One mutation from the Project Allele of 14 -One 12 marker only kit shares a 15 at this allele with 37219 - should this kit upgrade and remain within allowable distances at 37 and 67 markers, this would no longer be a Unique Mutation Event among the related kits.

Kit 37219 DYS 385b = 15 Believed to be of the Arnisdale/Waternish Branch - Ancestral Haplotype triangulated with Glendale and Drynoch indicates this occurred in the last 13 generations (since 1550) -
DYS 439
.0040

6 mutations from the Project Allele of 12 The testing of additional documented members of the Talisker and Arnisdale Branches of the Harris MacLeods could help to clarify this marker. At this time, it appears to have been random and independant mutation (convergence) in the Talisker and Drynoch kits.

Kit 93694 DYS 439 = 11 Ancestral Haplotype indicates mutation to "11" occurred within the last 6.3 generations (MRCA b. 1783) mutation can be ignored when comparing to other kits known to have no CA with this family since 1783)
Kit 148833 DYS 439 = 11 Part of an suspected branch with no known documentation - Deduced Branch Haplotype indicates that this mutation occurred independantly since cr. 1700 as 3 others in the indicated branch have the "12" of the Project Allele - needs to test known cousins
Kit 32956 DYS 439 = 13 Ancestral Haplotype with Kit 24712 indicates mutation to "13" occurred PRIOR to the last shared ancestor or before 1770
Kit 24712 - DYS 439 = 13 See above - Kit 32956
Kit 30097 DYS 439 = 13 Talisker Kit - Two of five kits which can claim direct ancestry in Leod have an allele of 13 at this marker. The Raasay, Arnisdale/Waternish/Glendale and kit 37219 have the projects allele of "12" while the Arnisdale/Waternish/Drynoch kit shares the "13" with the Talisker kit - see below
Kit 30096 DYS 439 = 13

Arnisdale/Waternish/Drynoch Kit who last shared an ancestor with Kit 30097 Talisker cr. 1415 - possibilities: 1) the two kits experienced random and independant mutations to the same allele
2) this could have been a defining allele for the Harris Branch of MacLeod which has since "corrected" itself back in most of the Clans recent branches. Needs to test known cousins
DYS 389i & ii
.0040

Current Project Allele is 13/29 but toggles to the 14/30 as new kits upgrade to the 67 marker level according to just which kits are upgraded

June 18 2009 - This multi-copy marker is split evenly (24/24) among those who are related to the Project Haplotype and to each other at the 37 marker levels of testing. All currently identified documented descendants of Leod carry the 14/30 combination - it is unknown if there are documented descendants who carry the 13/29 combination. However, YUtility states that TMRCA for the two haplotypes was between 1649 and 1709 a.d. or within the last 10 - 12 generations (see above) with a 95% probability. The 67 marker haplotype can survive unchanged between 3.5 - 7.5 generations or approximately 105 to 210 years (also see above).

The testing of cousins of all participants in the MacLeod Project could eventually reveal a mutation occurring from the 14/30 to 13/29 or the reverse within a recent generation - i.e. my family has determined the Ancestral Haplotype of our MRCA Alexander b. cr 1783 in Scotland - however, we have not yet tested descendants of Alexander's two brothers - if descendants of both of those men should carry the other combination of alleles at this marker, then we would find that Angus MacLeod, father of Alexander and his two brothers, carried that combination and a mutation occurred since the generation born cr. 1745 in one of three branches.
DYS 458
.0048

Project Allele of 16 -- this appears to be a significant allele among the Project - currently there are no mutations at this marker among those who are within allowable distances of the project haplotype
DYS 459a & b
.0048

Project Allele of "9/11" when all non - related kits are removed from the table - could eventually be a significant allele among the Project - this marker toggles between the '11' and "10" - YUtility states that TMRCA for the four haplotypes was between 1649 and 11709 a.d. or within the last 10 - 12 generations (see above) with a 95% probability. The 67 marker haplotype can survive unchanged between 3.5 - 7.5 generations or approximately 105 to 210 years (also see above).

DYS 459 b = 11 34 kits (6/18/09) 16 kits = DYS 389 14/30 + 11 / 15 kits = DYS 389 13/29 + 11
DYS 459 b = 10 16 kits (6/18/09) 7 kits = DYS 389 13/29 + 10 / 7 kits = DYS 389 + 10
DYS 459 b = ? 26 kits (12-0/12-1) These kits may carry either allele when upgraded
DYS 459 b + ? 5 kits (12-2) These kits may come back into allowable distances at higher levels of testing

Four of five documented descendants of Leod have an allele of "11" at this marker - one kit (Glendale) has an allele of "10" indicating a mutation in that line since the EKCA of the five kits - Glendale's MRCA with kit 37219 and kit 30096 was cr. 1550 - therefore, this indicates the mutation occurred in the Glendale line in the last 13 generations or approximately 410 years. Testing of documented cousins of all five kits could bring clarity to this marker.
DYS 447
0.0048

5 mutations from the Project Allele of 26 - this appears to be a significant allele among the Project 39 of 45 kits related to the haplotype have an allele of 26.

Kit 86240 DYS 447 = 25 No Ancestral Haplotype to date- needs to test cousins to determine if this is a branch indicator or random mutation resulting in convergence - a 67 distance of 2 from the current project haplotype - 2nd miss at DYS 449 (32)
Kit 27859 DYS 447 = 25 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test cousins to determine if this is a branch indicator - a 37 distance of 2 from the current project haplotype - 2nd miss at volatile DYS 576 - it appears that this may be a branch indicator between this kit and kits 50516 and 137480
Kit 50516 DYS 447 = 25 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test cousins to determine if this a branch indicator - a 67 distance of 2 from the current project haplotype - 2nd miss at volatile CDYa (36) YUtility indicates that this kit and kit 137480 TMRCA is 240 years or within the last 8 generations. Interestingly, it also states that TMRCA with kit 27859 is 240 years or within the last 8 generations. This kit is the in-betweener for kits 137480 and 27859.
Kit 137480 DYS 447 = 25 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test cousins to determine if this is a branch indicator - a 67 distance of 3 from the current project haplotype - a distance of 1 from kit 50516 - 2nd miss at volatile CDYa (36) - 3rd an "odd" miss at YCAIIb YUtility indicates that this kit and kit 50516 TMRCA is 240 years or within the last 8 generations. Due to the TMRCA of kits 50516 and 27859 this kits mutation at YCAII most likely took place in a very recent generation.
Kit 63702 DYS 447 = 25 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - a 67 distance of 4 from the current project haplotype - needs to test cousins to determine if this is a branch indicator or random mutation resulting in convergence (this kit is one of two who are suspected as a branch - 81878 is the second kit).
DYS 449
0.0048

Project Allele of 31 - this appears to be a significant allele among the Project - there are 8 mutations - 2 appear to be random mutations while 6 appear to be branch indicators

86240 DYS 449 = 32 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins - appears to be a random mutation - 67 dis 2 from current Project Haplotype - 2nd miss at DYS 447 = 25
47096 DYS 449 = 30 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins - appears to be a random mutation - 67 dis 2 from current Project Haplotype - 2nd miss at DYS 389 i & ii 14/30
144662 DYS 449 = 33 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - possibly known cousin to 89216 - appears to be a possible branch indicator with kit 89216 - 37 distance of 0 to that kit - both kits have alleles of 36 at CDYa
89216 DYS 449 = 33 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - possibly known cousin to 144662 - appears to be a possible branch indicator with kit 144662 - 37 distance of 0 to that kit - both kits have alleles of 36 at CDYa
38247 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 77670, 148833 and 127808; they not only share this allele but also share a unique combination of alleles at DYS 464 (14,14,15,15) - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
77670 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 38247, 148833 and 127808; they not only share this allele but also share a unique combination of alleles at DYS 464 (14,14,15,15) - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
148833 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 38247, 77670 and 127808; they not only share this allele but also share a unique combination of alleles at DYS 464 (14,14,15,15) - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
127808 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 38247, 148833 and 77670; they not only share this allele but also share a unique combination of alleles at DYS 464 (14,14,15,15) - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
DYS 464
0.0048

Project Allele Combination of 14, 15, 15, 16 - appears to be significant to the Project - 8 kits have mutations however, 4 of those kits appear to be a branch.

38 kits 14, 15, 15, 16 Modal Alleles for the Project
N9281 14, 15, 15, 17 This kit is a 37-1 from the current project haplotype this being the only mutation. No Ancestral Haplotype to date but appears to have shared a RCA with my family cr. 1720 or within the last 8 generations. Should test known cousins to determine when this mutation occurred. Should this kit alone of his cousins carry this mutation, he would be a distance of 0 from my family and the current haplotype modal.
24712 14, 15, 15, 15 Ancestral Haplotype indicates this mutation occurred since the time of the MRCA with kit 32956 - random convergence with the Raasay kit - see next
37392 14, 15, 15, 15 Raasay kit - random convergence to kit 24712 based upon kit 24712's Ancestral Haplotype where his 3rd cousin matches the project alleles of 14, 15, 15, 16
25196 15, 15, 16, 16 Glendale Kit
38247 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 77670, 148833 and 127808; they not only share unique combination of alleles but also DYS 449 = 32 - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
77670 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 38247, 148833 and 127808; they not only share unique combination of alleles but also DYS 449 = 32 - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
148833 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 38247, 77670 and 127808; they not only share unique combination of alleles but also DYS 449 = 32 - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
127808 DYS 449 = 32 Strong indication of branching between this kit and kits 38247, 148833 and 77670; they not only share unique combination of alleles but also DYS 449 = 32 - should test known cousins to confirm that these mutations pre-date the TMRCA predicted by YUtility and FTDNA to the other three kits.
DYS 460
0.0075

1 mutation from the Project Allele of 11 -

Kit 66014 DYS 460=10 UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins (other misses DYS 390 = 24 / CDYa = 36 / DYS 459b = 11
GATAH4
0.0075

4 mutations from the Project Allele of 11 -

63702 GATAH4 = 12 Could be a branch indicator for this kit and kit 81878 - a 37 Gen Distance of 2 to kit 81878 sharing another miss at DYS 391- no knowledge of relationship- No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins - YUtility indicates TMRCA w/ kit 81878 within last 12 generations or since cr 1600 ad
81878 GATAH4 = 12 Could be a branch indicator for this kit and kit 63702 - a 37 Gen Distance of 2 to kit 81878 sharing another miss at DYS 391- no knowledge of relationship- No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins - YUtility indicates TMRCA w/ kit 81878 within last 12 generations or since cr 1600 ad
99508 GATAH4 = 10 No Ancestral Haplotype - A MacLeod who was adopted in the 1800's in Scotland - appears to be a random mutation resulting in convergence with 36589 who is 14/30 combination and also has DYS 19 = 15 which has indications of being a branch indicator.
36589 GATAH4 = 10 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - likely to be a random mutation resulting in convergence with 99508 - see above.
YCAIIa/b
0.0075

Project Allele of 19/23 - One mutation

Kit 137480 YCAIIa/b = 19/25 UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT among related kits - This mutation resulting in a distance of 1 from kit 50516 - sharing 3891 & ii 13/29, 459b = 11, DYS 447 = 25 - testing of known cousins will help to clarify if this is in fact a previously unknown branch.
DYS 456
0.0075

Project Allele of 16 - 2 mutations

30102 DYS 456 = 15 What appears to be an ancestral haplotype between this kit and 30101 indicates that this mutation occurred in a recent generation.
1006635 DYS 456 = 15 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
DYS 607
0.0075

Project Allele of 15 -1 mutation

62311 DYS 607 = 16 UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT among related kits - No Ancestral Haplotype to date - this kit is attempting to find cousins to particpate in the project as he has several mutations all on fast or volatile markers.
DYS 576
0.0075

Project Allele of 18 - appears to be an extremely volatile marker however there are some indications of its signifying branching.

25 kits DYS 576 = 18
6 kits DYS 576 = 17
96597 Ancestral Haplotype indicates that this mutation occurred in the last two generations as his first cousin has the 18 of the project as does his third cousin. This kit is a distance of 1 from the current project modal.
27859 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - likely to be a random mutation resulting in convergence
40190 A 37-1 to kits 36109 and 121470 and a 37 - 2 to kit 34079 missing CDYa
36109 A perfect 37 match to 121470 - whether this is a known branch is not certain.
121470 A perfect 37 match to 36109 - whether this is a known branch is not certain.
34079 A 37-1 to kits 36109 and 121470 and a 37 - 2 to kit 40190 missing CDYb
10 kits DYS 576 = 19
  99027 No ancestral haplotype to date
99508 No ancestral haplotype to date
30101 37 -1 to 30102 whether this is a known branch is not certain but appears to be due to the sharing of DYS 19 = 15
30102 37 -1 to 30101 whether this is a known branch is not certain but appears to be due to the sharing of DYS 19 = 15
36589 Also shares DYS 19 = 15 with 30102/30101 - testing of cousins could clarify - despite the distance separating these four kits, these shared markers could be indicating a branch with random mutations occuring in each line just as in my own family.
38282 Also shares DYS 19 = 15 with 30102/30101 - testing of cousins could clarify - despite the distance separating these four kits, these shared markers could be indicating a branch with random mutations occuring in each line just as in my own family.
63702 No ancestral haplotype to date - a 37 -2 from kit 81878, they share two significant markers DYS 391 = 10 and GATAH4 = 12 as well as the 14/30 and 10 combination at DYS 389i & ii and 459b - this kit also has a miss at DYS 537 (marker 43) shared by no one else - should kit 81878 upgrade and match that marker, this is most likely a branch with mutations down the separate lines since the MRCA..
63320 This kit has an odd mutation at DYS 389i & ii as well as 459b - 15/31 & 9 - signifying that the two markers moved in tandem (same mutation event) - he is 37 - 2 to kit 50745 because of these two odd allele combinations. Testing of known cousins may clarify these mutations
50745 This kit has an odd mutation at DYS 389i & ii - 14/31 - he is 37 - 2 to kit 63320 because of that kits two odd allele combinations. Testing of known cousins may clarify these mutations
115676 No ancestral haplotype to date - appears to be random mutation resulting in convergence - needs to test known cousins.
25196 Arnisdale/Waternish/Glendale Branch
37219 Believed to be of the Arnisdale/Waternish Branch although not yet proven with documentation -
2 kits DYS 576=20
30096 Arnisdale/Waternish/Drynoch Branch - this could signify an old mutation from the project 18 in the Arnisdale branch with a second mutation occuring once Drynoch split from Glendale - testing of known cousins could clarify whether this is a branch indicator with an additional mutation
62311=20 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - this kit is attempting to find cousins to particpate in the project as he has several mutations all on fast or volatile markers. A family bible does not indicate that he shared an ancestor within the Arnisdale Branch which descends from the lone survivor of the massacre of the family of Ian the Fair Hair - this is most likely random mutation resulting in convergence.
1 kit DYS 576=21
82062=21 No ancestral haplotype to date - needs to test cousins
DYS 570
0.0075

6 mutations from the Project Allele of 17 -

Kit 144662 DYS 570 = 16 No Ancestral Haplotype known to date - may be a known cousin of 89216 with whom he has a 37/37 match - the two kits share another mutation at DYS 447= 33 - a two step mutation from the projects "31"- Could be a branch indicator for these two kits
89216 DYS 570 = 16 No Ancestral Haplotype known to date - may be a known cousin of 144662 with whom he has a 37/37 match - the two kits share another mutation at DYS 447= 33 - a two step mutation from the projects "31" - Could be a branch indicator for these two kits
62311 DYS 570 = 16 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - this kit is attempting to find cousins to particpate in the project as he has several mutations all on fast or volatile markers.- this is most likely random mutation resulting in convergence with the above two kits unless other documentation exists.
82062 DYS 570 =18 No ancestral haplotype to date - needs to test cousins
30096 DYS 570 = 16 Arnisdale/Waternish/Drynoch Branch - this appears to be a random mutation - note that this kit also mutated to a 20 at volatile DYS 576 while the other two kits with whom he shared an ancestor cr. 1550 carried a mutation of "19" at that marker. This is likely to be a random mutation resulting in convergence with the other three "16" carrying kits - testing of cousins more recently related than 1550 will hopefully clarify this mutation.
99027 DYS 570 = 16 No Ancestral Haplotype to date
CDYa/b
0.0075

Project Alleles of 37/37 - appears to be significant to the Project - however, 11 mutations have occurred from the Project modal alleles with only 2 of them appearing to corroborate earlier indications of branching - this is considered a volatile marker among many project leaders.

50516 CDYa/b = 36/37 A distance of 1 from kit 137480 - sharing 3891 & ii 13/29, 459b = 11, DYS 447 = 25, DYS 534 = 15;- testing of known cousins will help to clarify if this is in fact a previously unknown branch.
137480 CDYa/b = 36/37 A distance of 1 from kit 50516 - sharing 3891 & ii 13/29, 459b = 11, DYS 447 = 25, DYS 534 = 15; testing of known cousins will help to clarify if this is in fact a previously unknown branch.
66014 CDYa/b = 36/37 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
40190 CDYa/b = 36/37 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
49409 CDYa/b = 36/37 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
24712 CDYa/b = 37/38 Ancestral Haplotype indicates this mutation occurred since the MRCA cr. 1770 - a random mutation resulting in convergence to others of this combination.
1066635 CDYa/b = 37/38 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
30096 CDYa/b = 37/38 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
127808 CDYa/b = 37/38 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
34079 CDYa/b = 37/38 No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
27950 CDYa/b = 37/38 A partial Ancestral Haplotype to date - a known 3rd cousin of this kit has tested to 25 markers and matches perfectly with this kit - should the other kit upgrade, this could be determined a branch indicator for this family with the mutation occurring prior to 1780. However, should the 3rd cousin match the project haplotype allele, then the mutation occurred since their last common ancestor cr. 1780
DYS 442
0.0075

Project allele = 12 - 2 mutations

27950 DYS 442 = 11 A partial Ancestral Haplotype to date - a known 3rd cousin of this kit has tested to 25 markers and matches perfectly with this kit - should the other kit upgrade, this could be determined a branch indicator for this family with the mutation occurring prior to 1780. However, should the 3rd cousin match the project haplotype allele, then the mutation occurred since their last common ancestor cr. 1780 - Also needing confirmed as branch or random is CDYa/b = 37/38 / DYS 442 / DYS 446
115676 DYS 442 = 11 No ancestral haplotype to date - appears to be random mutation resulting in convergence with kit 27950 - needs to test known cousins.
DYS395S1b

Marker 41 Project Allele = 16 (Mutation rates not yet determined by FTDNA - calculated at .0024 until such time as they can make the determination)

106635 DYS395S1b = 15 UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins
DYS 537

Marker 43 Project Allele = 10 (Mutation rates not yet determined by FTDNA - calculated at .0024 until such time as they can make the determination)

63702 DYS 537 = 11 UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT Appears to be a branch with kit 81878 sharinga 37 Gen Distance of 2 and sharing another miss at DYS 391and GATAH4 = 12- no knowledge of relationship- No Ancestral Haplotype to date - needs to test known cousins - YUtility indicates TMRCA w/ kit 81878 within last 12 generations or since cr 1600 ad - should encourage 81878 to upgrade to 67 markers
DYS 406S1

Marker 46 Project Allele = 10 (Mutation rates not yet determined by FTDNA - calculated at .0024 until such time as they can make the determination)

62311 DYS 406S1 = 11 UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT
DYS 534

Marker 55 Project Allele = 16 - appears to be significant to the Project (Mutation rates not yet determined by FTDNA - calculated at .0024 until such time as they can make the determination)

50516 DYS 534 = 15 A distance of 1 from kit 137480 - sharing 3891 & ii 13/29, 459b = 11, DYS 447 = 25, CDYa/b = 36/37;- testing of known cousins will help to clarify if this is in fact a previously unknown branch.
137480 DYS 534 = 15 A distance of 1 from kit 137480 - sharing 3891 & ii 13/29, 459b = 11, DYS 447 = 25, CDYa/b = 36/37;- testing of known cousins will help to clarify if this is in fact a previously unknown branch.
DYS 444

Marker 57 Project Allele = 12 (Mutation rates not yet determined by FTDNA - calculated at .0024 until such time as they can make the determination)

27950 DYS 444 = 13 A UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT - HOWEVER, A partial Ancestral Haplotype to date - a known 3rd cousin of this kit has tested to 25 markers and matches perfectly with this kit - should the other kit upgrade, this could be determined a branch indicator for this family with the mutation occurring prior to 1780. However, should the 3rd cousin match the project haplotype allele, then the mutation occurred since their last common ancestor cr. 1780 - Also needing confirmed as branch or random is CDYa/b = 37/38 / DYS 442 / DYS 446
DYS 446

Marker 60 Project Allele = 15 - R1b allele is 13 appears to be significant to the Project (Mutation rates not yet determined by FTDNA - calculated at .0024 until such time as they can make the determination)

27950 DYS 446 = 16 this kit is a perfect 25 marker match to the current project haplotype missed 4 markers in 26 - 67 - a known 3rd cousin of this kit has tested to 25 markers and matches perfectly with this kit - should the other kit upgrade, this could be determined a branch indicator for this family with the mutation occurring prior to 1780. However, should the 3rd cousin match the project haplotype allele, then the mutation occurred since their last common ancestor cr. 1780 - Also needing confirmed as branch or random is CDYa/b = 37/38 and DYS 444 = 13
36748 DYS 446 = 16 this kit is a 67 distance of 2 from the current project modal - he has the 13/29 and 11 combination at DYS 389i & ii and 459b. No Ancestral Haplotype to date - testing of cousins could clarify this mutation.

 
DYS 565

Marker 67 Project Allele = 12 (Mutation rates not yet determined by FTDNA - calculated at .0024 until such time as they can make the determination)

30097 DYS 565 = 11 UNIQUE MUTATION EVENT - Talisker Kit - testing of known cousins could clarify this mutation.

Back to: 4. Understanding the Markers and Mutation Rates

1.Clan MacLeod Project Overview / 2. Clan MacLeod Project Modal Haplotype (Hypothetical) / 3. Ancestral Modal Haplotypes /

4. Understanding the Markers and Mutation Rates / 5. Our Participants Results / 6. A Closer Look at our matches / 7. Current Conclusions

NEW PAGES : Full Result Table / Sub Group B Results Table / Branching Table / LCF Rates Table / Frequently Asked Questions / Mutation Rates