Rev. Robert CUSHMAN ⁶³

  General Notes:

Robert Cushman was an ally of John Carver and aided the pilgrims in their exodus, joining them in Leyden, Holland, after they had been there several years. He became a leader in the community and advocated their settlement in America, could they obtain from the king a promise of liberty of conscience in their new home. He went with Deacon Carver to London in 1617 and the king refused a charter under his seal, but gave his promise not to molest them.

Robert was one of the Leyden Separatist leaders, an apprentice to George Masters, and was excommunicated from St. Andrews Church in Canterbury, after saying that going to that church could not edify him. He was then received back in the church in 1605, the same year he became a freeman of Canterbury, being described as a grocer.

He went to England again, with Elder Brewster, in 1619, when the king granted them a charter and toleration for their form of religion as long as they should remain faithful subjects. At the same time, they contracted with the London merchant adventurers for vessels, and soon after Cushman visited London again with Carver, he collected funds, made purchases and chartered the Mayflower which Carver fitted out at Southampten.

Cushman with his family embarked in the Speedwell on August 5, 1620, and the two vessels began the voyage. After being obliged to turn back, the Mayflower sailed alone. In July, 1621, he sailed on the Fortune, taking with him his only son, Thomas, who was 14 years of age. The ship Fortune arrived at Plymouth on November 21, 1621, just a few weeks after the first Thanksgiving. The passenger list is based on the 1623 Division of Land, and by the information found in Eugene Aubrey Stratton's Plymouth Colony: Its History and Its People, 1620-1691. He and John Carver were chosen by their fellow Separatists to go to England to negotiate for a patent to go to America. He left his son in the care of Governor Bradford.

He then returned to England on the Fortune on December 13, 1621. On the voyage home, he was captured by the French, plundered, and taken to France. After two weeks, he was released and returned to England to act as a financial agent of the settlers.

In 1623, he obtained (in connection with Edward Winslow) a grant of the territory of Cape Ann from Lord Sheffield, and there a new band of pilgrims made the first permanent settlement in Massachusetts Bay Colony. He published in London (C 1621) a pamphlet on "Emigration to America," in which he urged the advantages of the new country, and in 1622 printed in London his first sermon preached in America, December 6, 1621, on "Sin and Danger of Self-Love." This sermon was reprinted in Boston in 1724, in 1780, and in 1785. In 1622, he published an eloquent vindication of the colonial enterprise and an appeal for missions to the North American Indians.

Cushman died in 1625 before having the chance to return to Plymouth. A good account of his family can be found in Small Descendents, 2:669, which mentions also that a Sarah Cushman was thought to be the daughter of Robert Cushman.

The Sin and Danger of Self Love
This is the full text of a sermon given by Robert Cushman to the Plymouth church on December 12, 1621. The sermon is titled, "The Sin and Danger of Self-Love". Before you start reading, you may want to get some background information about this sermon so you can better understand how it was given, why the topic was chosen, etc. You may also wish to read the introduction to the sermon that was written by Robert Cushman, as it contains some information about life at Plymouth and relations with the Indians.


1 Corinthians 10: 24. Let no man seek his own: But every man another's wealth.

The occasion of these words of the Apostle Paul, was because of the abuses which were in the Church of Corinth. Which abuses arose chiefly through swelling pride, self-love and conceitedness, for although this Church was planted by Paul and watered by Apollo, and much increased by the Lord; yet the sower of tares was not wanting to stir up evil workers and fleshly minded hypocrites, under a show of godliness, and with Angel-like holiness in appearance, to creep in amongst them to disturb their peace, try their soundness, and prove their constancy. And this the Apostle complains of very often: as first, in their carnal divisions, Chap. 1. then in their extolling their eloquent teachers, and despising Paul, Chap. 4. Then in their offensive going to Law, before the heathen Judges, Chap. 6. Then in eating things offered to Idols, to the destroying of the tender consciences of their Bretheren, Chap. 8. Then in their insatiable love-feasts, in the time and place of their Church meetings, the rich which could together feed to fulness, despising and condemning the poor, that had not to lay on it as they had, Chap. 11. Finally in both the Epistles, he very often nippeth then for their pride, and self-love, straitness and censoriousness, so that in the last Chapter he willeth them again and again to prove, try and examine themselves, to see whether Christ were in them or not, for howsoever many of them seemed, as thousands do at this day to soar aloft and go with full sail to Heaven: yet as men that row in Boats, set their Faces one way, when yet their whole body goeth apace another way: so there are many which set such a face upon Religion, and have their Mouth full of great swelling words: as if they would even blow open the doors of heaven, despising all humble minded and broken-hearted people, as weak, simple, etc. when yet notwithstanding, these Blusterers, which seem to go so fast, and leave all others behind them, if like these glosing Corinthians they carry affectedly their own glory with them, and seem thus to stand for the glory of God. What do they else but join flesh to spirit, serving not God for nought, but for wages, and so serving their bellies, whose end will be damnation, except a speedy and sound remedy be thought of, which Remedy is even that which our Savior teacheth the rich young gallant, and which Paul here prescribeth, in willing them not to seek their own, but every man another's wealth, which Physick is as terrible to carnal professors, as abstinence from drink is to a man that hath the dropsy; and it is a sure note, that a man is sick of this disease of self-love, if this be grievous to him as appeareth in the man whom Christ bid sell that he had, and he went away very sorrowful, yet surely this vein must be pricked, and this humor let out, else it will spoil all, it will infect both soul and body, yea, and the contagion of it is such (as we shall see anon) as will even hazard the welfare of that society where self-seekers and self-lovers are.

As God then did direct this Apostle to lay down this brief direction as a remedy for that evil in Corinth, so you may think it is by God's special providence, that I am now to speak unto you from this text: and say in your hearts, surely something is amiss this way; let us know it and amend it.

The parts of this text are two. 1. A Dehortation. 2. An Exhortation. The Dehortation, Let no man seek his own. The Exhortation, But every man another's wealth.

In handling of which, I will first, open the words. Secondly, gather the doctrine.

Thirdly, illustrate the doctrine by scriptures, experience and reasons.

Fourthly, apply the same, to every one his portion. The proper drift of the Apostle here is not to tax the Corinthians, for seeking their own evil ends in evil actions, but for aiming at themselves, and their own benefits in actions lawful, and that appeareth in the former verse, where he saith, All things are lawful, etc. viz. all such things as now we speak of, to eat any of God's creatures, offered to Idols or not, to feast and be merry together, to show love and kindness to this or that person, etc. but when by such we seek ourselves, and have not a charitable loving and reverent regard of others, then they are unexpedient, unprofitable, yea, unlawful, and must be forborn, and he that hath not learned to deny himself even the very use of lawful things, when it tendeth to the contempt, reproach, grief, offense and shame of his other Brethren and Associates, hath learned nothing aright, but is, apparently a man that seeks himself, and against whom the Apostle here dealeth most properly.

The manner of the speech, may seem as counsel left at liberty: as Mat. 27:49. And in our ordinary speech, we think they be but weak charges, which are thus delivered, let a man do this, or let him do that. But we must learn the Apostle's modesty, and know that whatsoever the terms seem to imply, yet even this and other the like in this Epistle, are most absolute charges; as, Let a man esteem of us, as the ministers of Christ, Chap. 4:1. That is, a man ought so to esteem of us. Let a man examine himself, 1 Cor. 11:28. That is, as if he had said, a man must examine himself. Let your women keep silence in the churches, 1 Cor. 14:34. That is, they ought so to do.

The meaning then summarily is, as if he had said, the bane of all these mischiefs which arise among you is, that men are too cleaving to themselves and their own matters, and disregard and Condemn all others: and therefore I charge you, let this self-seeking be left off, and turn the stream another way, namely, seek the good of your Bretheren, Please them, Honor them, Reverence them, for otherwise it will never go well amongst you.

Obj: But doth not the Apostle elsewhere say? That he, that careth not for his own, is worse than an infidel. 1 Tim. 5:8.

Ans. True, but by "own" there, he meaneth properly, a man's kindred, and here by "own" he meaneth properly a man's self.

Secondly, He there especially taxeth such as were negligent in their labors and callings, and so made themselves unable to give relief and entertainment to such poor Widows and Orphans as were of their own flesh and blood.

Thirdly, Be it so, that some man should even neglect his own self, his own wife, children, friends, etc. and give that he had to strangers, that were but some rare vice, in some one unnatural man, and if this vice slay a thousand self-love slayeth then thousands.

And this the wisdom of God did well foresee, and hath set no caveats in the Scriptures either to tax men, or forewarn them from loving others; neither saith God anywhere, let no man seek out the good of another, but let no man seek his own, and everywhere in the Scriptures he hath set watch words against self-good, self-profit, self-seeking, etc. And thus the sense being cleared, I come to the doctrine.

Doct. 1. All men are too apt and ready to seek themselves too much, and to prefer their own matters and causes beyond the due of lawful measure, even to excess of offense against God, yea danger of their own souls.

And this is true not only in wicked men which are given over of God to vile lusts, as Absalom in getting favor in his father's Court: Jeroboam, in selling his kingdom fast in Samaria, Ahab in vehement seeking Naboth's vineyard, but men, otherwise godly, have through frailty been foiled herein, and many thousands which have a show of godliness, are lovers of themselves: David was about to seek himself when he was going to kill Naball; Asa in putting Hanani in prison; Josiah when he would go war with Nebo, against the counsel of God, and reason; Peter when he dissembled about the Ceremonies of the law, yea and Paul complains of all his followers (Timothy excepted) that they sought their own too inordinately.

And why else are these caveats in the Scriptures, but to ward the godly that they be not tainted herewith? as Look not every man on his own things, but on the things of another: Love seeketh not her own things. Be not desirous of vain glory, etc. Philip 2:4, 1 Cor. 13:6, Gal. 5:26.

Yea, and doth not experience teach, that even amongst professors of Religion, almost all the love and favor that is shewed unto others is with a secret aim at themselves, they will take pains to do a man good, provided that he will take twice so much for them, they will give a penny so as it may advantage them a pound, labor hard so as all the profit may come to themselves, else they are heartless and feeble. The vain and corrupt heart of man cannot better be resembled than by a belly--god, Host, or Innkeeper, which welcometh his guests with smilings, and salutations, and a thousand welcomes, and rejoiceth greatly to have their company to dice, cards, eat, drink, and be merry, but should not the box be paid, the pot be filling, and the mony telling, all this while, the Epicure's joy would soon be turned into sorrow, and his smiles turned into frowns, and the door set open, and their absence craved: even so men blow the bellows hard, when they have an Iron of their own a heating, work hard whilst their own house is in building, dig hard whilst their own garden is in planting, but is it so as the profit must go wholly or partly to others; their hands wax feeble, their hearts wax faint, they grow churlish, and give cross answers, like Naball, they are sour, discontent, and nothing will please them. And where is that man to be found, that will disperse abroad, and cast his bread upon the waters, that will lend, looking for nothing again, that will do all duties to others freely and cheerfully in conscience to God, and love unto men, without his close and secret ends or aiming at himself; such a man, out of doubt, is a black Swan, a white crow almost, and yet such shall stand before God with boldness at the last day, when others which have sought themselves, through for love of themselves they have sought heaven, yea, and through self-love persuaded themselves they should find it, yet wanting love unto others, they will be found as sounding brass, and as a tinkling Cimbal, and whilst they have neglected others, and not cared how others live, so as themselves may fare well, they will be found amongst them, that the Lord will say unto, I know you not, depart ye cursed in everlasting fire, Mat. 25:42,42.

But that I may not walk in generalities, the particular ways by which men seek their own are these: First, such as are covetous, seek their own by seeking riches, wealth, money, as Felix pretending love unto Paul, sent for him often, but it was in hope of money. Many there are who say, who will show us any good, Psal. 4:7. And pretend Religion, as some of the Jews did the keeping of the Sabbath, which yet cried out, when will the Sabbath be done, that we may sell corn, and gain; if a man can tell how to get gold out of a flint, and silver out of the Adamant, no pains shall be spared, no time shall be neglected, for gold is their hope, and the wedge of gold is their confidence, their hearts are set upon the pelf of this world, and for love of it, all things are let slip, even all duties to God or men, they care not how basely they serve, how wretchedly they neglect all others, so as they may get wealth: pinch who will, and wring who will; all times are alike with them, and they run for the bribe and Gehazie; and this is the first way that men seek their own.

Now the contrary is seen in Nehemiah, who, when the people were hard put to it, and the land raw, he took not the duties which were due to him being a magistrate, he bought no land, nor grew rich for it was no time: but he maintained at his table many of his brethren the Jews, and so spent even his own proper goods. And Paul sought no man's gold nor silver, but though he had authority, yet he took not bread of the Churches, but labored with his hands: And why? It was no time to take, some Churches were poor and stood in want, as Thessalonica, others were in danger to be preyed upon by covetous belly-gods, as Corinth: and therefore he saw it no fit time now to take anything of them.

And indeed here is the difference between a covetous worldling, and an honest thrifty Christian: it is lawful sometimes for men to gather wealth, and grow rich, even as there was a time for Joseph to store up corn, but a godly and sincere Christian will see when this time is, and will not hoard up when he seeth others of his brethren and associates to want, but then is a time, if he have anything to fetch out and disperse it, but the covetous gather goods, he like Achan covets all that he seeth, and neglects no tune, but gathers still and holds all fast, and if it were to save the life of his brother, his bangs must not be diminished, nor his chests lighted, nor his Field set to sale, gather as much as he can, but it's death to diminish the least part of it.

The second way by which men seek their own, is when they seek ease, or pleasure, as the Scribes and Pharisees, who would not touch the burden with one of their fingers; for there is a generation, which think to have more in this world than Adam's felicity in innocence, being born (as they think) to take their pleasures, and their ease, let the roof of the house drop through, they stir not; let the field be over-grown with weeds, they care not, they must not foul their hand, nor wet their foot, it's enough for them to say, Go you, not let us go, though never so much need; such idle Drones are intolerable in a settled Commonwealth, much more in a Commonwealth which is but as it were in the bud; of what earth I pray thee art thou made, of any better than the other of the sons of Adam? And canst thou see other of thy brethren toil their hearts out, and thou sit idle at home, or takest thy pleasure abroad? Remember the example of Uriah, who would not take his ease nor his pleasure, though the King required him, and why? Because his brethren, his associates, better men than himself (as he esteemed them) were under hard labors and conditions, lay in the field in tents, caves, etc.

The third way is when men seek their own bellies, as some did in the Apostles times, which went about with new doctrines and devices, knowing that the people had itching ears, and would easily entertain and willingly feed such novelists, which brought in dissensions, schisms, and contentions, and such were rocks, or pillars in their love-feasts, as Jude speaketh, ver. 12. They were shadows in God's service, but when feasting came, then they were substances, then they were in their element. And certainly there are some men which shape even their Religion, humane state, and all, even as the belly cheer is beat, and that they must have, else all heart and life is gone, let all conscience, care of others go, let Lazarus starve at the gate, let Joseph's affliction be increased, they must have their dishes, their dainties, or no content. The contrary was seen in Nehemiah, who would not take his large portion allotted to the governor, because he knew it went short with others of his brethren; and Uriah would not receive the King's present, and go banquet with his wife, because he knew the whole Host, his brethren, were fain to snap short in the fields.

And the difference between a temperate good man, and a belly-god is this: A good man will not eat his morsels alone, especially, if he have better than others, but if by God's providence, he have gotten some meat which is better than ordinary, and better than his other brethren, he can have no rest in himself, except he make others partake with him. But a belly-god will stop all in his own throat, yea, though his neighbor come in and behold him eat, yet his gripple-gut shameth not to swallow all. And this may be done sometimes, as well in mean fare as in greater dainties, for all countries afford not alike.

The fourth way by which men seek their own, is by seeking outward honor, fame and respect with men; as King Saul, when he had lost all respect and favor with God, then thought to give content to his heart by being honored before the Elders of the people; and it is wonderful to see how some men are desirous of vain glory. Gal. 5:26. And how earnestly they seek praise, favor, and respect with men, and can have no quiet longer than their worldly favor lasteth, and that they will have what dishonor soever come to God, or disgrace unto men, yea, they will disgrace, reproach, and disdain others, to gain honor and advancement to themselves; yea, they will make bold with Scriptures and Word of God, to wrest and wring, and slight it over for their credit's sake. And let a man mark some men's talk, stories, discourses, etc. and he shall see their whole drift is to extol and set out themselves, and get praise and commendation of men.

Now the contrary was seen in Paul, he saith, He needed no letters of commendation, 2 Cor. 3:2. And again, He is not affected with men's praise, 2 Cor. 10:12. And here is indeed the difference between an humble-minded Christian, and a proud self-lover; an humble man often hath praise, as David, Hezekiah, and Josiah, but he seeks it not, he desires it not, he is content to go without it, he loves not the praise of men, for he knows it but froth and vanity: But a proud self-lover, he seeks it still, get it or not get it, and if he get it he is fully satisfied, if he get it not he hangs his head like a Bull-rush, and hath no comfort.

The fifth way by which men seek their own, is by seeking to have their wills; as the wrong doers in Corinth, who thought it not enough to do wrong and harm to their brethren, but to have their wills enough of them, drew them before the Heathen Magistrates.

And truly, some men are so Prince-like, or rather Papal, that their very will and word is become a law, and if they have said it, it must be so, else there is no rest or quietness to be had, let never so many reasons be brought to the contrary, it's but fighting with the wind. They are like the obstinate Jews, who, when against God's law, and reason, they asked a King, though Samuel showed them that it would turn in the end to their own smart, yet still held the conclusion, and said, nay, But we will have a King, 1 Sam. 8:19. Thus men are caught by their own words, and ensnared by the straitness of their own hearts, and it is death to them not to have their wills, and howsoever sometimes (like Jezebell) they are cut short of their purposes, yet self-willed men will strout and swell like Absalom, saying neither good nor bad, 2 Sam. 13:22, but hope for the day, and threaten like profane Esau, Gen. 27:41. Now the contrary is seen in David, though a Prince, a Captain, a Warrior, who having said, yea sworn, that he would kill Nabal, and all his family that day, yet upon reasonable counsel given, and that by a weak woman, he changed his mind, altered his purpose, and returned without striking one stroke, an example rare, and worthy imitation; and when men are sick of will, let them think of David, it was his grace and honor to go back from his word and practice, when reason came. So was it Herod's disgrace and shame to hold his word and will against reason and conscience, Matt. 14:8,9.

Quest. But some men happily will say unto me, It is true, that men seek their own by all these ways, But what should be the reason and cause of this? that men seek so earnestly themselves, in seeking riches, honor, ease, belly-cheer, will, etc., something there is that carrieth them.

Ans. True, and the reasons and causes are specially these three:

First, Pride and high conceitedness, when men overvalue themselves; And this made Absalom to seek his Father's kingdom, because he thought himself worthy of it. 2 Sam. 15:4. This made Haman so sore vexed, because Mordicai bowed not to him, because he highly valued himself, Esth. 3:5.

And surely that which a man valueth much, he giveth much respect to, and so it is a sure sign that a man loves himself most when he giveth most to himself; and some intolerable proud persons even think all the world is for them, and all their purposes and endeavours show what a large conceit they have of themselves.

Secondly, Want of due consideration and valuation of other men's endowments, abilities and deserts; when men pass those things by, though they have both seen, heard, and felt them; as Pharoah's Butler forgot Joseph's eminency when he was restored to his place, Gen. 40:23. So men use to write their own good actions in Brass, but other men's in Ashes, never remembering nor considering their pains, labors, good properties, etc. which others have, and so they have no love to them, but only to themselves; as if God had made all other men unreasonable beasts, and them only reasonable men.

Third, Want of Heavenly Conversation, and spiritual Eye to behold the glory, greatness, and majesty, and goodness of God; as the Queen of Sheba, thought highly of her own glory, wisdom and happiness, till she saw Solomon's wisdom and glory, and then she cried out, not of the happiness of her own servants, but of his servants that stood before him, 1 Kin. 10:7,8. And verily, if men were conversant Courtiers in Heaven, they would cry out with Paul, Rom. 11:33. Oh the depth of the riches, wisdom, and knowledge of God, etc. and would be ashamed of their own sinfulness, nakedness and misery; for, as Countrymen which never saw the state of cities, nor the glory of Courts, admire even their own Country Orders: And as the savages here which are clad in skins, and creep in woods and holes, think their own brutish and inhumane life the best, which if they saw and did rightly apprehend the benefit of comely humanity, the sweetness of Religion, and the service of God, they would even shamefully hide themselves from the eye of all noble Christians. Even so, if men in serious contemplation, by the eye of faith, would behold the glory of God, and what great riches, beauty, fulness, perfection, power, dignity, and greatness is in God, they would leave admiring of themselves, and seeking of themselves, and would say with David, What am I? And what is my Father's house? that thou shouldest thus bless me? 2 Sam. 7:18. Yea, What is man? or the son of man that thou so regardest him? Psal. 8:3.

But it is time to come to apply these things more particularly to ourselves, and see what Use is to be made of them.

Use 1. Is it so, that God seeth a proneness in all the sons of Adam, to seek themselves too much, and hath given them warnings and watch-words thereof, as we have heard, and doth experience confirm it? Then hence are reproved a number of men, who think they can never show love enough to themselves, nor seek their own enough, but think all cost, charges, cherishing, praise, honor, etc. too little for them, and no man, needeth to say to them, as Peter did to Christ, favor thyself; but if they do a little for another man, they account it a great matter, though it be but a morsel of bread, or a single penny; but no varieties of danties is too good for them, no silk, purple, cloth, or stuff is too good to cloath them, the poor man's idleness and ill husbandry is oft thrown in his dish, but their own carnal delights and fleshy wantonness is never thought upon: and why? Because they think even God and man owes all to them, but they owe nothing to none. Why, thou foolish and besotted man, hath not the Holy Ghost read it in the very face of every son of Adam, that he is too apt to seek his own, and art thou wiser than God to think thou never seekest thine own enough? or dreamest thou that thou art made of other, and better mettle than other men are? Surely I know no way to escape, having of corruption to they Father, and the worm to they Sister and Brother. And if God had anywhere in all the Scriptures said, love thyself, make much of thyself, provide for one, etc. there were some reasons for thee to take up the Niggard's Proverbs, Every man for himself, and God for us all; Charity beginneth at home,etc. But God never taught thee these things; No, they are Satan's positions. Doth God ever commend a man for carnal love of himself? Nay he brands it, and disgraceth it, as self love, taking thought for the flesh; loving of pleasure, etc. Rom. 13:14, 2 Tim. 3:4.

Obj: It is a point of good natural policy, for a man to care and provide for himself.

Ans. Then the most fools have most natural policy, for you see not the greatest drones and novices, either in church or commonwealth, to be the greatest scratchers and scrapers, and gatherers of riches? Are they not also for the most part, best fed and clad? And live they not most easily? What shall I say? Even hogs, dogs, and brute beasts know their own ease, and can seek that which is good for themselves; And what doth this shifting, progging, and fat feeding which some use, more resemble any thing than the fashion of hogs? And so let it be what natural policy it will.

Use 2. If God see this disease of self-love so dangerous in us, then it standeth us all in hand to suspect ourselves, and so to seek out the root of this disease, that it may be cured. If a learned Physician, shall see by our countenance and eye, that we have some dangerous disease growing on us, our hearts will smite us, and we will bethink ourselves where the most grief lieth, and how it should come, whether with cold, heat, surfeit, over-flowing of blood, or through grief, melancholy, or any such way, and every man will bestir himself to get rid of it, and will prevent always that which feed the disease, and cherish all courses that would destroy it.


Now, how much more ought we to bestir ourselves, for this matter of self-love, since God himself hath cast all our waters, and felt all our pulses, and pronounceth us all dangerously sick of this disease? Believe it, God cannot lie, nor be deceived; He that made the heart, doth not he know it? Let every man's heart smite him, and let him fall to the examination of himself and see first whether he loves not riches and worldly wealth too much, whether his heart be not too jocund at the coming of it in, and too heavy at the going of it out, for if you find it so there is great danger, if thou can'st not buy as if thou possessed not, and use this world as though thou used it not, (1 Cor. 7:30,31) thou art sick, and had need to look to it. So, if thou lovest thine ease and pleasure, see whether thou can be content to receive at God's hands evil as well as good, (Job 2:10) whether thou have learned as well to abound as to want (Phil 4:10) as well to endure hard labor, as to live at ease; and art as willing to go to the house of mourning as to the house of mirth (Eccl. 7:6) for, else, out of doubt, thou lovest thy carnal pleasures and ease too much.

Again, see whether thine heart cannot be as merry, and thy mind as joyful, and thy countenance as cheerful, with coarse fare, with pulse, with bread and water (if God offer thee no butter, nor the times afford other) as if thou had the greatest dainties: (Dan. 1:15). So also whether thou can be content as well with scorns of men, when thou hast done well, as with their praises, so if thou can with comfort and good conscience say, I pass little for man's judgment; whether thou can do thy duty that God requireth, and despise the shame, referring thyself unto God, for if thou be disheartened, discouraged, and weakened in any duty because of men's dispraises, it is a sign thee lovest thyself too much.

So for the will, if thou can be content to give way even from that which thou said shall be, yea, vowed shall be, when better reason cometh, and hast that reverence of other men, as that when it standeth but upon a matter of will, thou art as willing their wills shall stand as thine, and art not sad, churlish, or discontent, (1 Kings 21:4) but cheerful in thine heart, though thy will be crossed, it is a good sign, but if not, thou art sick of a self-will, and must purge it out. I the rather press these things, because I see many men both wise and religious, which yet are so tainted with this pestilent self-love, as that it is in them even as a dead fly to the Apothecaries' ointment, spoiling the efficacy of all their graces, making their lives uncomfortable to themselves, and unprofitable to others, being neither fit for Church nor Commonwealth, but have even their very souls in hazard thereby, and therefore who can say too much against it.

It is reported, that there are many men gone to that other Plantation in Virginia, which, whilest they lived in England, seemed very religious, zealous, and conscionable; and have now lost even the sap of grace, and edge to all goodness; and are become mere worldlings. This testimony I believe to be partly true, and amongst many causes of it, this self-love is not the least. It is indeed a matter of some commendations for a man to remove himself out of a thronged place into a wide wilderness; to take in hand so long and dangerous a journey, to be an instrument to carry the Gospel and humanity among the brutish heathen; but there may be many goodly shows and glosses and yet a pad in the straw, men may make a great appearance of respect unto God, and yet but dissemble with him, having their own lusts carrying them: and, out of doubt, men that have taken in hand hitherto come, out of discontentment in regard of their estates in England; and aiming at great matters here, affecting it to be Gentlemen, Landed men, or hoping for Office, Place, Dignity, or fleshy Liberty; let the show be what it will, the substance is naught, and that bird of self-love which was hatched at home, if it be not looked to, will eat out the life of all grace and goodness: and though men have escaped the danger of the Sea, and that cruel mortality, which swept away so many of our loving friends and brethren; yet except they purge out this self-love, a worse mischief is prepared for them; And who knoweth whether God in his mercy have delivered those just men which here departed, from the evils to come; and from unreasonable men, in whom there neither was, nor is, any comfort, but grief, sorrow, affliction, and misery, till they cast out this spawn of self-love.

But I have dwelt too long upon the first part; I come now to the second, which concerns an Exhortation, as I showed you, in the Division.

But every man another's wrath.

In direct opposition, he should say, Let every man seek another's, but the first part being compared with the latter, and "seek" being taken out of the former and put to the later, and "wealth" taken out or rather implied, in the former, the whole sentence is thus resolved, Let no man seek his own wealth, but let every man seek another's wealth.

And the word here translated wealth, is the same with that in Rom. 13:4 and may not be taken only for riches, as English-men commonly understand it, but for all kinds of benefits, favors, comforts, either for soul or body; and so here again, as before you must understand an Affirmative Commandment, as the Negative was before: and least any should say, if I may not seek my own good, I may do nothing; Yes saith Paul, I'll tell thee, thou shalt seek the good of another, whereas now all thy seeking helps but one, by this means thou shalt help many: and this is further enforced by these two circumstances; "no man" may seek his own, be he rich, learned, wise, etc. But every man must seek the good of another.

The point of instruction is taken from the very letter and phrase, viz.

Doct. 2. A man must seek the good, the wealth, the profit of others.

I say he must seek it, he must seek the comfort, profit, and benefit of his neighbor, brother, associate, etc. His own good he need not seek, it will offer itself to him every hour; but the good of others must be sought; a man must not stay from doing good to others till he is sought unto, pulled and haled, (as it were) like the unjust Judge, for every benefit that is first craved, cometh too late. And thus the ancient Patriarchs did practice, when the traveller and way-faring men came by, they did not tarry till they came and asked relief and refreshment, but sat at the gates to watch for such, (Judg. 19:20,21) and looked in the streets to find them, yea, set open their doors that they might freely and boldly enter in. And howsoever, some may think this too large a practice, since now the world is so full of people, yet I see not but the more people there is, the larger Charity ought to be.

But be it so, as a man may neglect, in some sort the general world, yet those to whom he is bound, either in natural, civil, or religious bands, them he must seek how to do them good. A notable example you have in David, who, because there was twixt him and Jonathan a band and covenant, therefore he enquired, Whether there was any left of the house of Saul, to whom he might show mercy for Jonathan's sake, 2 Sam. 9:1. So this people of Corinth, to whom Paul writeth, they were in a spiritual league and covenant in the Gospel, and so were a body. Now for one member in the body to seek himself, and neglect all others were, as if a man should cloath one arm or one leg of his body with gold and purple, and let all the rest of the members go naked. 1 Cor. 12:27.

Now brethren, I pray you, remember yourselves, and know, that you are not in a retired Monastical course, but have given your names and promises one to another and covenanted here to cleave together in the service of God, and the King; What then must you do? May you live as retired Hermites? and look after no body? Nay, you must seek still the wealth of one another; And enquire as David, now liveth such a man? How is he clad? How is he fed? He is my brother, my associate; we ventured our lives together. Is his labor harder than mine? surely I will ease him; hath he no bed to lie on? why, I have two, I'll lend him one; hath he no apparel? why, I have two suits, I'll give him one of them; eats he course fare, bread and water, and I have better, why, surely we will part stakes. He is a good a man as I, and we are bound each to other, so that his wants must be my wants, his sorrows my sorrows, his sickness my sickness, and his welfare my welfare, for I am as he is. And such a sweet sympathy were excellent, comfortable, yea, heavenly, and is only maker and observer of Churches and commonwealths, and where this is wanting, man comes on quickly, as it did here in Corinth.

But besides these motives, there are other reasons to provoke as not only to do good one to another; but even to seek and search how to do it.

1. As first: To maintain modesty in all our associates; that of hungry wanters, they become not bold beggars and impudent cravers; for as one saith of women, that, when they have lost their shamefacedness, they have lost half their honesty, so may it be truly said of a man that when he hath lost his modesty, and puts on a begging face, he hath lost his majesty, and the image of that noble creature; and man should not beg and crave of man, but only of God. True it is, that as Christ was fain to crave water of the Samaritan woman, (John 4:5) so men are forced to ask sometimes rather than starve, but indeed in all societies it should be offered them. Men often complain of men's boldness in asking, but how cometh this to pass, but because the world have been so full of self-lovers, as no man would offer their money, meat, garments, though they saw men hungry, harborless, poor, and naked in the streets; and what is it that makes men brazen-faced, bold, brutish, tumultuous, but because they are pinched with want, and see others of their Companions (which it may be have less deserved) to live in prosperity and pleasure?

2. It wonderfully encourageth men in their duties, when they see the burthen equally borne; but when some withdraw themselves and retire to their own particular ease, pleasure, or profit, what heart can men have to go on in their business? when men come together to lift some weighty piece of timber or vessel, if one stand still and do not lift, shall not the rest be weakened and disheartened? Will not a few idle drones spoil the whole stock of laborious bees so one idle-belly, one murmerer, one complainer, one self-lover will weaken and dishearten a whole Colony. Great matters have been brought to pass where men have cheerfully as was one heart, hand, and shoulder, gone about it, both in wars, buildings, and plantations, but where every man seeks himself, all cometh to nothing.

3. The present necessity requireth it, as it did in the days of the Jews, returning from captivity; and as it was here in Corinth. The country is yet raw, the land untilled, the Cities not builded, the Cattle not settled, we are compassed about with a helpless and idle people, the natives of the Country, which cannot in any comely or comfortable manner help themselves, much less us. We also have been very chargeable to many of our loving friends, which helped us hither, and now again supplied us, so that before we think of gathering riches, we must even in Conscience think of requiting their charge, love and labor, and cursed be that profit and gain which aimeth not at this. Besides, how many of our dear friends did here die at our first entrance, many of them no doubt for want of good lodging, shelter, and comfortable things, and many more may go after them quickly, if care be not taken. Is this then a time for men to begin to seek themselves? Paul saith, that men in the last days shall be lovers of themselves, (2 Tim. 3:2) but it is here yet but the first days, and (as it were) the dawning of this new world, it is now therefore no time for men to look to get riches, brave cloaths, dainty fare, but to look to present necessities; it is now no time to pamper the flesh, live at ease, snatch, catch, scrape, and pill, and hoard up, but rather to open the doors, the chests, and vessels, and say, brother, neighbor, friend, what want ye, any thing that I have? make bold with it, it is yours to command, to do you good, to comfort and cherish you, and glad I am that I have it for you.

4. .And even the example of God himself, whom we should follow in all things, within our power and capacity, may teach us this lesson, for (with reverence to his Majesty be it spoken) he might have kept all grace, goodness and glory to himself, but he hath communicated it to us, even as far as we are capable of it in this life, and will communicate his glory in all fullness with his elect in that life to come; even so his Son Jesus Christ left his glory eclipsed for a time, and abased himself to a poor and distressed life in this world, that he might, by it, bring us to happiness in the world to come. If God then have delighted in this doing good and relieving frail and miserable man, so far inferior to himself, what delight ought man to have to relieve and comfort man, which is equal to himself?

5. Even as we deal with others, ourselves and others shall be delt withal. Carest thou not how others fare, how they toil, are grieved, sick, pinched, cold, harborless, so as thou be in health, livest at ease, warm in thy nest, farest well? The days will come when thou shalt labor and none shall pity thee, be poor and none relieve thee, be sick, and lie and die and none visit thee, yea, thy children shall lie and starve in the streets, and none shall relieve them, for it is the merciful that shall obtain mercy; Mat. 5:7, and the memory of the just shall be blessed even in his seed; Prov. 10. and a merciful and loving man when he dies, though he leave his children small and desolate, yet every one is mercifully stirred up for the Father's sake to show compassion, but the unkindness, currishness, and self-love of a Father, is through God's just judgment recompenced upon the children with neglect and cruelty.

6. Lastly, That we may draw to an end; A merciless man, and a man without natural affection or love, is reckoned among such as are given over of God to a reprobate mind, (Rom. 1:30) and (as it were) transformed into a beast-like humor; for, what is man if he be not sociable, kind, affable, free-hearted, liberal; he is a beast in the shape of a man; or rather an infernal spirit, walking amongst men, which makes the world a hell what in him lieth; for, it is even a hell to live where there are such men: such the Scriptures calleth Nabals, which signifieth fools, (Psal. 14:1) and decayed men, which have lost both the sap of grace and nature; and such merciless men are called Gouts, and shall be set at Christ's left hand at the last day, (Math. 25:33). Oh therefore seek the wealth one of another.

Obj. But some will say, "It is true, and it were well if men would so do, but we see every man is so for himself as that if I should not do so, I should do full ill, for if I have it not of my own, I may snap short sometimes, for I see nobody showeth me any kindness, nor giveth me anything; if I have Gold or silver, that goeth for payment, and if I want it I may lie in the street, therefore I had best keep that I have, and not be so liberal as you would have me, except I saw others would be so towards me."

Ans. This Objection seemeth but equal and reasonable, as did the Answer of Nabal to [???id's] men, but it is most foolish and carnal, as his also was; for, if we should measure our courses by most men's practices, a man should never do any godly duty; for, do not the most, yea, almost all, go the broad way that leadeth to death and damnation? (Luke 13:23,24). Who then will follow a multitude? It is the word of God, and the examples of the best men that we must follow. And what if others will do nothing for thee, but are unkind and unmerciful to thee? Knowest thou not that they which will be the children of God must be kind to the unkind, loving to their enemies, and bless those that curse them? (Mat. 5:44,47). If all men were kind to thee, it were but Publican's righteousness to be kind to them? If all men be evil, wilt thou be so too? When David cried out, "Help Lord, for not a godly man is left", Psal. 12:1. Did he himself turn ungodly also? Nay, he was rather the more strict. So, if love and charity be departed out of this world, be thou one of them that shall first bring it in again.

And let this be the first rule, which I will with two others conclude for this time.

1. Never measure thy course by the most, but by the best, yea, and principally by God's word: Look not what others do to thee, but consider what thou art to do to them: seek to please God, not thyself. Did they in Mat. 25:44 plead that others did nothing for them? No such matter, no such plea will stand before God, his word is plain to the contrary, therefore, though all the world should neglect thee, disregard thee, and condemn thee, yet remember thou hast not to do with men, but with the highest God, and so thou must do thy duty to them notwithstanding.

2. And let there be no Prodigal Person to come forth and say, Give me the portion of lands and goods that appertaineth to me, and let me shift for myself; Luk. 15:12. It is yet too soon to put men to their shifts; Israel was seven years in Canaan, before the land was divided unto Tribes, much longer before it was divided unto Families: And why wouldest thou have thy particular portion, but because thou thinkest to live better than thy neighbor; and scornest to live so meanly as he? but who, I pray thee, brought this particularizing first into the world? Did not Satan who was not content to keep that equal state with his renows, but would set his throne above the Stars? Did not he also entice man to despise his general felicity and happiness and go try particular knowledge of good and evil? And nothing in this world doth more resemble heavenly happiness, than for men to live as one, being of one heart, and one soul; neither anything more resembles hellish horror, than for every man to shift for himself; for if it be a good mind and practice, thus to affect particulars, mine and thine, then it should be best also for God to provide one heaven for thee, and another for thy neighbor.

Object. But some will say, If all men will do their endeavours as I do, I could be content with this generality, but many are idle and slothful, and eat up others' labors, and therefore it is best to part, and then every man may do his pleasure.

First, this, indeed, is the common plea of such as will endure no inconvenience, and so for the hardness of men's hearts, God and man doth often give way to that which is not best, nor perpetual, but indeed if we take this course to change ordinances and practices because of inconveniences, we shall have, every day new laws.

Secondly, If others be idle and thou diligent, thy fellowship, provocation, and example, may well help to cure that malady in them, being together, but being asunder, shalt they not be more idle, and shall not gentry and beggary be quickly the glorious ensigns of your commonwealth.

Thirdly, Construe things in the best part, be not too hasty to say, men are idle and slothful, all men have not strength, skill, faculty, spirit, and courage to work alike; it is thy glory and credit, that canst do so well, and his shame and reproach, that can do no better, and are not these sufficient rewards for you both.

Fourthly, If any be idle apparently, you have a law and governors to execute the same, and to follow that rule of the Apostle, to keep back their bread, and let them not eat, go not therefore whispering, to charge men with idleness; but go to the governor and prove them idle; and thou shalt see them have their deserts. Acts 19:38, 2 Thess, 3:10, Deut 19:15.

And as you are a body together, so hang not together by skins and gymocks, but labor to be jointed together and knit by flesh and sinews; away with envy at the good of others, and rejoice in his good, and sorrow for his evil. Let his joy be thy Joy, and his sorrow thy sorrow: Let his sickness be thy sickness: his hunger thy hunger: his poverty thy poverty: and if you profess friendship, be friends in adversity: for then a friend is known and tried, and not before.

3. Lay away all thought of former things and forget them and think upon the things that are, look not gapingly one upon another, pleading your goodness, your birth, your life you lived, your means you had and might have had, here you are by God's providence under difficulties, be thankful to God, it is no worse, and take it, in good part that which is, and lift not up yourself because of former privileges, when Job was brought to the dung-hill, he sat down upon it. Job 2:8. and when the Almighty had been bitter to Naomi, she would be called Marah, consider therefore what you are now, and whose you are, say not I could have lived thus, and thus; but say thus and thus I must live: for God and natural necessity requireth, if your difficulties be great, you had need to cleave the faster together, and comfort and cheer up one another, laboring to make each other's burden lighter, there is no grief so tedious as a churlish companion, and nothing makes sorrow easy more than cheerful associates: bear ye therefore one another's burthen, and be not a burthen one to another, avoid all factions, frowardness, singularity and withdrawings and cleave fast to the Lord, and one to another continually; so shall you be a notable president to these poor heathens, whose eyes are upon you, and who very brutishly and cruelly do daily eat and consume one another, through their emulations, ways and contentions; be you therefore ashamed of it, and win them to peace both with yourselves, and one another, by your peaceable examples, which will preach louder to them, than if you could cry in their barbarous language, so also shall you be an encouragement to many of your Christian friends in your native country, to come to you, when they hear of your peace, love and kindness that is amongst you: but above all, it shall go well with your souls, when that God of peace and unity shall come to visit you with death as he hath done many of your associates, you being found of him, not in murmurings, discontent and jars, but in brotherly love and peace may be translated from this wandering wilderness unto that joyful and heavenly Canaan. Amen.

Background information on Robert Cushman's sermon

Robert Cushman was a prominent member of the Pilgrims church in Leyden, Holland. He had planned on coming to America on the Mayflower in 1620, but after several mishaps with the Speedwell off the coast of England, he decided to instead return to Holland rather than continue on to America. The next ship to Plymouth was the ship Fortune, which arrived on November 9, 1621. Robert Cushman came on that ship, along with his son Thomas.

The text is from his December 12, 1621 sermon to the Plymouth congregation. The Pilgrim church was organized in a different manner than what we think of as churches today. First, the Pilgrims believed that "church" meant the congregation, not the building. The Pilgrims met for services in a meetinghouse. Religious symbols or art were not used by the Pilgrims, who felt such items were works of man and not Holy; so there were no crosses, statues, steeples, carvings, paintings, or depictions of Christ. The meetinghouse was intentionally drab and undecorated, so as not to distract the congregation from listening to the speaker. Women and children were segregated from the men in seating arrangements.

The sermon was not a one-directional speech like it is today in many churches. Instead, the men of the congregation were allowed (even expected) to make counterpoints, objections, or ask questions during the sermon. The questions and objections that were made during this particular sermon are noted in the text as bold print. Sermons were not debates however, and the person who asked a question or made an objection did not get a "rebuttal"--he was expected to be quiet and listen to the response, and let the speaker go on. This was intended to keep the sermon smooth-flowing and keep it from turning into a debate. Women were not allowed to participate in any verbal way during the service. The only exception for women came with the singing of hymns. Hymns had no musical accompaniment, because the Pilgrims believed the human voice came from God, but musical instruments were the creation of man, and therefore were not Holy.

This sermon given by Robert Cushman is about the "Sin and Danger of Self-Love". This goes right to the heart of several major problems the Pilgrims were having at this point in time. The Plymouth Colony was a commonwealth, which means that all land (and goods produced from the land) belonged to the Colony, which then redistributed them to the colonists on a need basis. This was essentially communism, except that the governor of the Colony was democratically elected. One of the main problems the Pilgrims experienced with this method of government was that some individuals did not work as hard as others--there is invariably a lower work ethic when people work for the benefit of others, as opposed to working for the benefit of themselves. Many Pilgrims became demoralized when their hard work and labors ended up providing for the lazy do-nothings of the Colony. This is the major problem that Robert Cushman tries to address in his sermon. And while the sermon is relevant to all aspects of the Pilgrims life, the sermon could also be viewed as a "pep-talk" for keeping the socialist ways of the Colony for just a few years longer, until the colony and colonists were better suited to fend for themselves.

The Pilgrims would abandon their communal socialism in the spring of 1623, when it became apparent to Governor Bradford that many of the Colony were not working as hard as they should. Bradford realized that if the men were working to support their own family, rather than the Colony in general, they would be more willing to put in the hard labor and would complain less about their work.

When reading this sermon, it is important to keep it in its historical context, and not try and judge it by today's standards. It was written in 1621, not in 1997. It is actually a very good sermon on the topic of helping others, giving charitably, and not loving yourself too much; but many readers will invariably get distracted from these main points and the well organized sermon, when they come across one of the several statements that, to modern-day readers, are demeaning to Native Americans and women.

Cushman's Letter to the Merchant Adventurers

To his loving Friends the Adventurers for NEW-ENGLAND

TOGETHER

With all Well-Willers, and Well-Wishers thereunto, Grace and Peace, &c.

New-England, so call'd, not only (to avoid novelties) because Captain Smith hath so entitled it in his Description, but because of the resemblances that is in it, of England the native soil of Englishmen; It being much what the same for heat and cold in Summer and Winter, it being Champion ground, but no high mountains, somewhat like the soil in Kent and Essex; full of Dales, and meadow Ground, full of Rivers and sweet Springs, as England is. But principally, so far as we can yet find, it is an island, and near about the quantity of England, being cut out from the main Land in America, as England is from the main of Europe, by a great arm of the Sea, which entereth in forty Degrees, and runneth up North West and by West, and goeth out either into the South Sea, or else into the Bay of Canada. The certainty whereof, and secrets of which, we have not yet so found as that as eye-witnesses we can make narration thereof, but if God give time and means, we shall, ere long, discover both the extent of that River, together with the secrets thereof; and so try what Territories, Habitations, or Commodities, may be found, either in it, or about it.

It pertaineth not to my purpose to speak any thing either in praise, or dispraise of the Country; so it is by God's Grace, have with that equity, justice, and compassion, carried ourselves towards them, as that they have received much favor, help, and aid from us, but never the least injury or wrong by us. (They offer us to dwell where we will.) We found the place where we live empty, the people being all dead and gone away, and none living near by 8 or 10 miles; and though in the time of sore hardship we found (travelling abroad) near 8 bushels of Corn hid up in a Cave, and knew no owners of it, yet afterwards hearing of the owners of it, we gave them (in their estimation) double the value of it. Our care hath been to maintain peace amongst them, and have always set ourselves against such of them as used any rebellion, or treachery against their Governors, and not only threatened such, but in some sort paid them their due deserts; and when any of them are in want, as often they are in the Winter, when their Corn is done, we supply them to our power, and have them in our houses eating and drinking, and warming themselves, which thing (though it be something a trouble to us) yet because they should see and take knowledge of our labors, orders, and diligence, both for this life and a better, we are content to bear it, and we find in many of them, especially, of the younger sort, such a tractable disposition, both in religion and humanity, as that if we had means to apparel them, and wholly to retain them with us (as their desire is) they would doubtless in time prove serviceable to God and man, and if ever God send us means we will bring up hundreds of their children, both to labor and learning.

But leaving to speak of them till a further occasion be offered; If any shall marvel at the publishing of this treatise in England, seeing there is no want of good books, but rather want of men to use good books, let them know, that the especial end is, that we may keep those motives in memory for ourselves, and those that shall come after, to be a remedy against self-love the bane of all societies. And that we also might testify to our Christian Countrymen, who judge diversely of us, that though we be in a Heathen Country, yet the Grace of Christ is not quenched in us, but we still hold and teach the same points of faith, mortification, and sanctification, which we have heard and learned, in a most ample and large manner in our own country. If any shall think it too rude and unlearned for this curious age, let them know, that to paint out the Gospel in plain and flat English, amongst a company of plain Englishmen (as we are) is the best and most profitablest teaching; and we will study plainness, not curiosity, neither in things human or heavenly. If any error or unsoundness be in it, (as who knoweth) impute it to that frail man which endited it, which professeth to know nothing as he ought to know it. I have not set down my name, partly because I seek no name, and principally, because I would have nothing esteemed by names, for I see a number of evils to arise through names, when the persons are either famous, or infamous, and God and man is often injured: if any good or profit arise to thee in the receiving of it, give God the praise and esteem me as a son of Adam, subject to all such frailties as other men are.

And you my loving Friends the Adventurers to this Plantation; as your care has been first to settle Religion here, before either profit or popularity, so I pray you, go on, to do it much more, and be careful to send godly men, though they want some of that worldly policy which this world hath in her own generation, and so though you lose, the Lord shall gain. I rejoice greatly in your free and ready minds to your powers, yea, and beyond your powers to further this work, that you thus honour God with your riches, and I trust you shall be repaid again double and treble in this world, yea, and the memory of this action shall never die, but above all adding unto this (as I trust you do) like freeness in all other God's services both at home and abroad, you shall find reward with God, ten thousand-fold surpassing all that you can do or think; be not therefore discouraged, for no labor is lost, nor money spent which is bestowed for God, your ends were good, your success is good, and your profit is coming, even in this life, and in the life to come much more; And what God's Providence, that a few of us are there planted to our content, and have with great Charge and Difficulty attained quiet and competent Dwellings there. And thus much I will say for the satisfaction of such as have any thought of going hither to inhabit? That for men which have a large heart, and look after great riches, ease, pleasure, dainties, and jollity in this World (except they will live by other men's sweat, or have great riches) I would not advise them to come there, for as yet the Country will afford no such matters; But if there be any who are content to lay out their Estates, spend their time, labors, and endeavors, for the benefit of them that shall come after, and in desire to further the Gospel among those poor Heathens, quietly contenting themselves with such hardship and difficulties, as by God's Providence shall fall upon them, being yet young, and in their strength, such men I would advise and encourage to go, for their ends cannot fail them.

And if it should please God to punish his people in the Christian Countries of Europe, (for their coldness, carnality, wanton abuse of the Gospel, Contention, etc.) either by Turkish slavery, or by popish tyranny which God forbid, yet if the time be come, or shall come (as who knoweth) when Satan shall be let loose to cast out his floods against them, (Rev. 12:14,15) here is a way opened for such as have wings to fly into this Wilderness; and as by the dispersion of the Jewish Church through Persecution, the Lord brought in the fulness of the Gentiles, (Act. 11:20,21) so who knoweth, whether now by Tyranny and Affliction, which he suffereth to come upon them, he will not by little and little chase them even amongst the Heathens, that so a light may rise up in the dark, (Luk. 2:32) and the Kingdom of Heaven be taken from them which now have it, and given to a People that shall bring forth the fruit of it. (Matt. 21:45). This I leave to the judgment of the godly wise, being neither Prophet nor son of a Prophet, (Amos 7:14) but considering God's dealing of old, (2 King 17:23) and seeing the name of Christian to be very great, but the true nature thereof almost quite lost in all degrees and sects, I cannot think but that there is some judgment not far off, and that God will shortly, even of stones, raise up the children unto Abraham. (Mat. 3:5).

And who so rightly considereth what manner of entrance, abiding, and proceedings, we have had among these poor Heathens since we came hither, will easily think, that God has some great work to do towards them.

They were wont to be the most cruel and treacherous People in all these parts, even like Lions, but to us they have been like Lambs, so kind, so submissive, and trusty, as a man may truly say, many Christians are not so kind, nor sincere.

They were very much wasted of late, by reason of a great Mortality that fell amongst them three years since, which together with their own Civil Dissensions and Bloody Wars, hath so wasted them, as I think the twentieth person is scarce left alive, and those that are left, have their courage much abated, and their countenance is dejected, and they seem as a People affrighted. And though when we came first into the Country, we were few, and many of us were sick, and many died by reason of the cold and wet, it being the depth of Winter, and we having no houses, nor shelter, yet when there was not six able persons among us, and that they came daily to us by hundreds, with their Sachems or Kings, and might in one hour have made a dispatch of us, yet such a fear was upon them, as that they never offered us the least injury in word or deed. And by reason of one Tisquanto, that lives amongst us, that can speak English, we have daily Commerce with their Kings, and can know what is done or intended towards us among the Savages; Also we can acquaint them with our courses and purposes, both human and religious. And the greatest Commander of the Country, call'd Massasoit, cometh often to visit us, tho' he lives 50 miles from us, often sends us Presents, he having with many other of their Governors, promised, yea, subscribed Obedience to our Sovereign Lord King James, and for his cause to spend both strength and life. And we for our parts,

through God's

one page missing from copy



what shall I say now, a word to men of understanding sufficeth, pardon I pray you my boldness, read over the ensuing Treatise, and judge wisely of the poor weakling, and the Lord, the God of Sea and Land, stretch out his arm of protection over you and us, and over all our lawful and good enterprises, either this, or any other way.

Plymouth in New England

December 12, 1621.

The following letter from Mr. Cushman, is probably the last that he ever wrote to his friends in America.

Dec. 22, 1624.

Sir: My hearty love remembered unto you, and unto your wife, with trust of your health and contentment, admist so many difficulties. I am now to write unto you, from my friend, and from myself, my friend and your friend. Mr. Sherley, who lieth even at the point of death, entreated me, even with tears, to write to excuse him, and signify how it was with him; he remembers his hearty, and as he thinks, his last, salutations to you, and all the rest, who love our common cause. And if God does again raise him up, he will be more for you (I am persuaded) than ever he was. His unfeigned love towards us hath been such as I cannot indeed express; and though he be a man not swayed to passion, or led by uninferred affections, yet hath he cloven to us still amidst all persuasions of opposites, and could not be moved to have an evil thought of us, for all their clamors. His patience and contentment in being oppressed, hath been much; he hath sometimes lent £800 at one time, for other men to adventure in this business, all to draw them on; and hath indeed, by his free heartedness, been the only glue of the company. And if God should take him now away, I scarce think much more would be done, save as to inquire at the dividend what is to be had.

He saith he hath received the tokens you sent, and thanks you for them; he hath sent you a cheese, &c. Also he hath sent an heifer to the plantation, to begin a stock for the poor. There is also a bull and three or four jades to be sold unto you, with many other things, for apparel and other uses; which are committed to Mr. Allerton and Mr. Winslow, who as factors, are to sell them to you; and it was fitter, for many reasons, to make them factors than yourself, as I hope you will easily conceive.

And I hope, though the first project cease, yet it shall be never the worse for you, neither will any man be discouraged, but wait on God, using the good means you can. I have no time to write many things unto you; I doubt not, but upon the hearing of this alteration, some discontent may arise, but the Lord I hope will teach you the way which you shall choose. For myself, as I have labored by all means to hold things here together, so I have patiently suffered this alteration; and do yet hope it shall be good for you all, if you be not too rash and hasty; which if any be, let them take heed, that they reap not the fruit of their own vanities.

But for you, good sir, I hope you will do nothing rashly, neither will you be swayed by misreports, beside your ordinary course, but will persuade who may be, to patience and peace, and to the bearing of labours and crosses in love together.

I hope the failings of your friends, here, will make you the more friendly one to another, that so all our hopes may not be dashed. Labour to settle things both in your civil and religious courses, as firm and as full as you can. Lastly, I must entreat you still, to have a care of my son as your own; and I shall rest bound unto you; I pray you let him sometimes practice writing. I hope the next ships to come to you; in the mean space and ever, the Lord be all your direction and turn all our crosses and troubles, to his own glory, and our comforts, and give you to walk so wisely, and holily, as none may justly say, but they have always found you honestly minded, though never so poor. Salute our friends, and supply, I pray you, what is failing my letters.

From London, December 22, A. D. 1624.

The following note was by Gov. Bradford:

These were his last letters. And now we lost the help of a wise and faithful friend; he wrote of the sickness and probability of the death of another; but knew not that his own was so near; what cause have we therefore ever to be ready! He proposed to be with us the next ships, but the Lord did otherwise dispose; and had appointed him a greater journey to a better place. He was not taken from these troubles, into which (by his division) we were so deeply plunged.

And here I must leave him to rest with the Lord. And will proceed with other letters, which will further show our proceedings and how things went on. -- (Hist. Coll. 1st Series, Vol. 3, pp. 34 and 35.)

In June, 1625, Gov. Bradford wrote to Mr. Cushman the following letter. We omit portions of it as being unimportant.

Loving and kind Friend:


I would most heartily thank you; and would be right glad to see you here and many others of our old and dear friends, that we might strengthen and comfort one another, after our many troubles, travails and hardships. I long greatly for friends of Leyden, but I fear I shall not now, scarce ever see them, save in Heaven; but the will of the Lord be done. We have rid ourselves of the company of many of those who havebeen so troublesome to us; though I fear we are not rid of the troubles themselves.

We have sent by this first ship a good parcel of commodities, to wit: as much beaver and other furs as will amount to upwards of £277 sterling at the rates they were sold the last year, in part of payment of those goods they and you sent to be sold to us. But except we may have things, both new, serviceable, and at better rates, we shall never be able to rub through; therefore, if we could have some ready money disbursed to buy things at the best hand, it would be greatly in our way.

Our people will never agree any way again to unite with the company who have cut them off with such reproach and contempt, and also returned their bills and all debts in their hands. But as for those, our loving friends, who have and do stick to us, and are deeply engaged for us, and are most careful of our goods for our parts we will ever be ready to do any thing, that should be thought equal and mete.

But I think it will be best to press a clearance with the company; either by coming to a dividend or some other indifferent course or composition; for the longer we hang and continue in this confused and lingering condition, the worse it will be, for it takes away all heart and courage, from men to do anything. For notwithstanding our persuasion to the contrary, many protest they will never build houses, fence grounds or plant fruits for those who not only forsake them, but use them as enemies, lading them with reproach and contumely. Nay, they will rather ruin that which is done, than they should possess it. Whereas if they knew what they should trust to, the place would quickly grow and flourish with plenty; for they never felt the sweetness of the country till this year; and not only we, but all planters in the land begin to do it.

Your son and all of us are in good health (blessed be God); he received the things you sent him. I hope God will make him a good man. My wife remembers her love unto you and thanks you for her spice. Billington still rails against you and threatens to arrest you. I know not wherefore; he is a knave and so will live and die. [Footnote: The prophecy was fulfilled, for he was hung (the first execution in the Colony) Oct. 1630, for waylaying and shooting a young man by the name of Newcomen.]

The Lord hath so graciously disposed, that when our opposites thought that many would have followed their faction, they so distracted their palpable dishonest dealings, that they stuck more firmly unto us and joined themselves to the Church. But time cuts me off; for other things I refer you to my other more general and longer letters; and so with my renewed salutations, and best love remembered unto you, I commend you and all our affairs to the guidance of the Most High, and so rest your assured loving friend,

William Bradford.

New Plymouth, June 9, 1625


(Mr. Cushman died before this letter arrived.) [Footnote: Bradford's Letter Book in Mass. Hist. Coll. v. 3.]

April, 1626. Capt. Standish arrives from England, bringing intelligence of the death of Mr. John Robinson, who died Tuesday, March 1st, (O.S.) 1625. [Footnote: See Roger White's letter to Gov. Bradford, in Young's Chronicles.]

Our Captain also brings us notice of the death of our ancient friend Mr. Cushman, who was as our right hand with the Adventurers and who for divers years had managed all our business with them to our great advantage. He had wrote to the Governor a few months before of the severe sickness of Mr. James Sherley, who was a chief friend of the Plantation. [Footnote: Gov. Bradford's Journal.]

The exact date of Robert Cushman¹s death is not known. As his last letter bore date, 22d Dec. 1624, and as he died a few weeks before Mr. Robinson, who deceased March 1st, we may therefore reasonably conclude that he died in Jan. or Feb. 1625. [Footnote: In regard to his age at the time of his death, we think, from a variety of circumstances, that he was somewhere between 40 and 50 years. In 1621, he had a son 14 years of age.]

For the purpose of showing the high estimation in which Mr. Robert Cushman has been held, we shall give extracts from the writings of his contemporaries and from more recent historical works:

Says Gov. Bradford, in 1625, speaking of his death: And now we lost a wise and faithful friend. He proposed to be with us the next ship, but the Lord did otherwise dispose, and had appointed him a greater journey to a better place. He was our right hand with the Adventurers; who for divers years has managed all our business with them to our great advantage.

Hon. John Davis, a Judge of the U. S. District Court of Mass. in a Biographical Sketch of Robert Cushman, published with an edition of his sermon in 1785, remarks, --Robert Cushman was one of the most distinguished characters among the collection of worthies, who quitted England on account of their religious difficulties and settled with Mr. John Robinson, their Pastor, in the city of Leyden, in 1609.

The news of his death and Mr. Robinson's, arrived at the same time at Plymouth, by Capt. Standish, and seem to have been equally lamented by their bereaved and suffering friends here. He was zealously engaged in the success of the plantation; a man of activity and enterprise; well versed in business; respectable in point of intellectual abilities; well accomplished in scriptural knowledge; an unaffected professor and a steady, sincere practicer of religion.

And in a note to the foregoing at the time of the publication of another edition of that sermon, in 1846, Dr. N. B. Shurtleff of Boston, who seldom errs in any matters relating to the Plymouth Pilgrims, remarks, -- It seems to be a mistaken idea that Mr. Cushman started in the smaller vessel, which put back on account of its proving leaky. This mistake has arisen from the fact that Mr. C. was left in England in 1620 and did not come over in the Mayflower with the first emigrants. The fact is that Mr. Cushman procured the larger vessel, the Mayflower, and its pilot at London and left in that vessel; but in consequence of the unsoundness of the smaller vessel, the Speedwell, it became necessary that a part of the Pilgrims should be left behind, and consequently Mr. C. was selected as one who would be best able to keep together that portion of the flock left behind. Although Mr. Cushman did not come over in the Mayflower, yet such was the respect for him among those who did come, that his name is placed at the head of those who came in that ship, in the allotment of land (in 1623) at a time when he was not in New England.

And at a later period (1846) Judge Davis remarked in a letter to Charles Ewer, Esq., the publisher of a new edition of Mr. Cushman's sermon, -- That discourse is a precious relic of ancient times; the sound good sense, good advice and pious spirit which it manifests, will, it may be hoped, now and in all future time, meet with approval and beneficial acceptance in our community.

Says the venerable Dr. Dwight, formerly President of Yale College, in a volume of his travels in the United States, published in 1800, By me the names of Carver, Bradford, Cushman and Standish, will never be forgotten until I lose the power of recollection.

Allen's Biographical Dictionary, under the head of Robert Cushman, has the following: He was distinguished in the history of Plymouth Colony; was one of those worthies who quitted England on account of liberty of conscience. He was a man of activity and enterprise; respectable for his talents and virtues; well acquainted with the scriptures and a professed disciple of Jesus Christ.

Russell's Recollections of Plymouth, published in 1846, speaking of Robert Cushman, says, -- Perhaps no individual of the Rev. Mr. Robinson's Church, possessed in a higher degree the qualifications required for discharging the important duties incident to the trust assigned him.

Hubbard's History of New England, says, Robert Cushman, was an active and faithful instrument for the public good.

From the Ecclesiastical History of Massachusetts published in Mass. Hist. Coll. v. 7 --Robert Cushman, one of the most important and worthy characters among those who formed the first settlement (at Plymouth). His sermon, preached to our venerable fathers, in 1621, contains the best advice, and may be read by their posterity for other reasons beside this, that it is a curiosity worth preserving among the ancient things of this country.

Baylies' History of New Plymouth, says of Robert Cushman, He was a learned, acute, sagacious and enterprising person. He had great knowledge of human nature, and was a sincere and pious christian. While at Plymouth he delivered a discourse, which is a performance of uncommon merit.

At the second celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims, by the Old Colony Club, Dec. 22, 1770, after their dinner, several appropriate toasts were delivered by Dr. Lazarus Le Baron of Plymouth. The sixth was as follows:

To the memory of Mr. Robert Cushman, who preached the first Sermon in New England. From an Account of the Church of Christ in Plymouth, by John Cotton, Esq., published in 1760: That servant of Christ, Mr. Robert Cushman, who had been their chief agent in transacting all their affairs in England, both before and after their leaving for Holland, till the year 1625. [Footnote: Mass. Hist. Coll. v. 4.]

The question, then, may properly be asked, -- if Robert Cushman was such a leading mind among the Puritans at Leyden, and subsequently was so active and influential in their emigration to, the first settlement at Plymouth, -- why he has never been as noted in history as his colleagues Carver, Bradford, Brewster and others?

The following letter, written by one of the most distinguished of the name [Footnote: Rev. Robert W. Cushman, D. D., late of the Bowdoin Street Baptist Church, at Boston.], to a kinsman, will explain that apparent anomaly as far as it can be done after a lapse of nearly two and a half centuries.

Boston, Feb. 24th, 1846.
To Joseph Cushman, Esq.:

My Dear Namesake -- I rejoice that you have undertaken to call the attention of the descendants of our common ancestor to the debt which as citizens of this country, they owe to his memory; and that you propose to erect, by means of a contribution from them all, so far as they can be reached, a monument on the spot near the Plymouth Rock, where he delivered his memorable discourse to his brother Pilgrims before his departure.

We sometimes speak of the caprices of furtune: I have often thought how strange and how unjust, sometimes, are the accidents of fame. How strange, how passing strange that the man who was the chief instrument in the first settlement of New England -- as is clear from his being the uniformly appointed agent of the Pilgrims to the Virginia Company and to the King, whoever else was associated with him in the different missions; -- the man whom Governor Bradford himself, his colleague in the second mission, calls our right hand; the man who first vindicated the enterprise to the world through the Press, and made the first public appeal that was ever made to the Protestant Christians of England, in behalf of the religious interests of the Aborigines of America; the man who, to save the Colony from the perils to which he saw it exposed, wrote and delivered, though neither Minister nor Elder, the first Sermon ever published from a New England man, and the first ever written on New England soil; the man whose devotion to his loving friends the Adventurers led him, after securing with great difficulty the Mayflower and a skillful pilot for her, who had been on the American coast, to take his own passage in the rickety Speedwell; and, after her third failure, to disembark to look after and share the fate of those who must be left behind; and, after he had crossed the ocean, to return and live and die not only separate from his brethren, but separate from his only son, that he might watch over their interests near a jealous and intolerant throne: -- that this man, I say, should have been overlooked by seven generations, while scarcely a fourth-rate politician has risen to bluster about liberty and glory for America, whose name has not been honored and perpetuated as the appellation of some portion of its territory, is, I confess, a painful comment on the gratitude of Republics, and the justice of posterity. While Carver and Brewster -- successively his associates in negotiation, together with Standish, and Winslow, and Hopkins, and I know not how many others of the first Pilgrims in humble life, have been remembered and honored in the names of towns; while the very pilot, the benefit of whose skill he surrendered, has been immortalized in one of our islands; while even the loafer Billington, who slipped in among the Pilgrims of Southampton and was of no benefit to the colony, has been saved from merited oblivion by Billington Sea; and while geography and history have been vying with each other, and painting has violated the truth [Footnote: I allude to the National Picture at Washington, which places Carver among its figures of the Pilgrims at the embarkation in Holland, when, in fact, he was waiting their arrival at Southampton.] in her eagerness to render homage to the fathers of the nation; the name of Cushman -- a name to which New England and the country owe more, if we speak of generative influence, than almost any other of the page on American history -- is still unborne by any country, town, island, mountain, lake, river, or rill in America.

All this is to be attributed to what I have called one of the accidents of fame; the injustice of which, however, is the more grievous, inasmuch as the very acts -- the staying behind to take care of those who had been left, and his return to and continuance in England as the Argus of the Colony -- which enhanced his title to grateful remembrance, were the cause of his being thus forgotten by posterity. But he, no doubt, if cognizant of earth¹s affairs, is better satisfied that it should be so than you and I are. I seek no name, said he, though the memory of this action shall never die.

I hope it may suffice, however, that past generations have shown such tender regard to his modesty, and that, by a union of all who know his blood to be flowing in their veins, a monument at least, standing where the ashes of his fellow pilgrims slumber, may tell to the generations following the part he bore in giving civilization, christianity and freedom to the western world.

Yours most truly,
ROBERT W. CUSHMAN

Such was the life of Robert Cushman during the eight years in which we have any account of him. Enough during that period has transpired to give us a good idea of the character of the man, --his education, religious principles and habits, and his labors and sacrifices in behalf of the Puritan cause.

From the fact that he was the first Agent of the Pilgrims to negotiate with the Virginia Company, the King and the hierarchy of England, in connection with Mr. Carver, who was the first Governor of the Colony, and was a man of great wisdom and discretion, --and was continued in that agency the next year, in connection with Elder Brewster, who was the very head and pillar of the Puritan movement; that by his diplomatic skill and sagacity he finally obtained a Patent and afterwards made an agreement with the Merchant Adventurers, by which the Puritans were enabled to emigrate to America; that he was left, very reluctantly and much against his will, to take charge of the passengers of the Speedwell, as being the one best able to provide for, and keep together that portion of the flock, that were, from necessity, left behind; that he went to New England in the second ship that carried over emigrants, and left his only son there in the family of Gov. Gradford; that he continued the faithful and unwearied friend and Agent of the Colony, and was in frequent correspondence with the Governor and other prominent members of that community; and that at the time of his decease, in the very prime and meridian of life, he was in expectation of coming here to settle and here to end his days; -- from all these circumstances, we may reasonably infer that he was one in the first movers and main instruments of the Puritan dissent of England, their pilgrimage to Holland, and their final settlement in America. And when we consider the immense consequences of that movement in effecting the highest interests of man, in every department of life, how much the political, religious and civil rights of the whole world, even, have depended on the success of that enterprise, impartial justice as historians and biographers requires us to place high up in the Temple of Fame the leaders of the Pilgrim Fathers of New England.


And never may they rest unsung,
While Liberty can find a tongue.
Twine, Gratitude, a wreath for them,
More deathless than the diadem,
Who to life¹s noblest end,
Gave up life¹s noblest powers;
And bade the legacy descend,
Down, down to us and ours. ³⁴⁶⁴

  Noted events in his life were:

• He was baptized on 9 Feb 1577 in Rolvenden, , Kent, England.

• He immigrated on board the "Fortune" on 21 Nov 1621 to Plymouth, Plymouth Co., Massachusetts, USA. ³⁴⁴⁶

Robert married Sarah REDER on 31 Jul 1606 in Saint Alphege, Canterbury, , Kent, England.⁶³⁴ (Sarah REDER was born about 1580 and died on 11 Oct 1616 in Leiden, , Zuid-Holland, Netherlands.)